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Stage 1 > GI Anatomy > Flashcards

GI Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

outline the morphology of the diaphragm

A

double doomed
central tendon
two recesses: costo-diaphragmatic and costo-mediastinal

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2
Q

what are the 3 attachments of the diaphragm

A

sternal- xiphoid process
costal- lower 6 cartilages
vertebral- left and right crurae & lumbercostal arches

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3
Q

what are the 3 main apertures and their vertebral level

A

caval -T8
oesophagal -T10
aortic- T12

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4
Q

what structures are superiorly related to the diaphragm

A

pleural cavities

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5
Q

what structures are inferiorly related to the diaphragm

A

stomach- under left dome
liver- under right dome
oesophagus

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6
Q

what is the motor innervation of the diaphragm

A

phrenic nerve C3-C5 (mainly C4)

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7
Q

what is the sensory innervation for the diaphragm

A

centrally- phrenic nerve

laterally- lower 5 intercostal nerves

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8
Q

where do intercostal nerves arise from

A

the anterior rami of the thoracic spinal nerves T1-T11

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9
Q

what are the function of the diaphragm

A

muscles of ventilation
aids micturition(urinating), defaecation(discharge of faeces) and parturition(giving birth)
aids lifting

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10
Q

what structures accompany the aorta as it passes through the aortic opening

A

sympathetic chains and thoracic duct

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11
Q

what is the central muscle of the anterior abdominal wall and where does it attach

A

rectus abdominis

between the rib cage and pubic bone

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12
Q

what are the other insertions are there of the rectus abdominous

A

3 tendinous insertions on the ant wall
2 transverse tendinous bands
- linea alba
- linea semilunaris

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13
Q

what are the lateral muscles of the anterior abdominal wall

A

external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominis
transversalis fascia

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14
Q

what are the attachments of the external oblique

A 
lower 8 ribs 
linea alba 
inferiorly- iliac crest 
pubic bone 
inguinal ligament
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15
Q

what muscle does the external oblique oppose the action of

A

internal oblique

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16
Q

what is the function of the muscles of the abdominal wall

A

involved in flexion of the abdomen vertebral column.
It increases intra-abdominal pressure (contract when urinating)
active during expiration in lowering the vertebral column particularly in speech

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17
Q

from where does the internal oblique originate

A

iliac crest & pelvis

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18
Q

where does the internal oblique muscle insert

A

cosal margin
linea alba
pubis

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19
Q

what are origins & attachments of the transversus abdominis

A 
lower 6 ribs 
origin
- lumbar fascia
- iliac crest 
- inguinal ligament 
forms part of the rectus sheath
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20
Q

what is the transversalis fasica

A

layer of deep fascia in which the fibres run in a transverse direction
deep to anterolateral abdominal muscles and the rectus sheath

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21
Q

what is the order of the muscles above the arcuate line

A 
ext oblique 
int oblique 
*rectus abdominis*
transversus abdominis 
transversalis fascia
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22
Q

what is the order of the muscles below the arcuate line

A 
ext oblique 
int oblique 
transversus abdominis 
*rectus abdominis*
transversalis fascia
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23
Q

what is the innervation of the anterior abdominal wall

A

intercostal nerves T7-L1
they travel between int oblique and transversus abdominis
lowest nerve: iliohypogastric nerve (L1)

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24
Q

what is peritoneum

A

the serous membrane forming the lining of the abdominal cavity

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25
Q

what are the 2 layers separated by peritoneal fluid contained in the peritoneal space

A

parietal- lining the abdomen

visceral- covers the surfaces of the viscera

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26
Q

what are the functions of the peritoneum

A

fixes organ in place
provides mobility
has immune function

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27
Q

explain how peritoneum has immune function

A

recruitment of leukocytes from the blood to the peritoneum

payas patches carry out an immune function (prevent growth of pathogenic bacteria)

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28
Q

what are mesenteries

A

peritoneal folds- connect different parts of the gut tubes carrying blood to & from the gut

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29
Q

what are retroperitoneal organs (extraperitoneal layer)

A

organs that lie on the back of the abdominal cavity and do not posses a mesentery (peritoneum only on one side)

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30
Q

what are intraperitoneal organs

A

covered with visceral peritoneum folded away from the abdominal wall (have a mesentery)

31
Q

name some retroperitoneal organs

A

kidney
most of duodenum except for the first part
pancreas
ascending and descending parts of the colon

32
Q

what are peritoneal ligaments

A

not actual ligaments

it is a name given to refer to a specific part of the mesentery

33
Q

what is omentum

A

ligament that divides abdominal cavity into greater and lesser sacs
greater ligament that the rest
greater sac divides into supracolic and infracolic

34
Q

what is the arterial blood supply & venous drainage of the stomach

A

arterial- all 3 br of the coeliac trunk

venous dr- via hepatic portal vein to the liver

35
Q

what are the 3 major branches of the coeliac trunk

A

splenic
common hepatic
left gastric

36
Q

what are the 3 distinct regions of the small intestine

A

duodenum- thickest
jejunum
ileum- thinnest (continuous superiorly with jejunum & inf with caecum part of colon. attached via mesentery to the abdominal wall)

37
Q

what is arterial blood supply & venous drainage of the pancreas

A

A- coeliac trunk and sup mesenteric artery

V- sup mesenteric br of the hepatic portal vein

38
Q

what are the branches of ht aorta that supply the gastrointestinal tract (3 unpaired)

A

coeliac trunk
superior mesenteric
inferior mesenteric

39
Q

what is the anatomical route taken by the bile to reach the gastrointestinal tract

A

the right and left hepatic ducts unite forming the common hepatic duct. a short cystic duct joins the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct transporting bile to the duodenum via the hepatopancreatic duct

40
Q

what are the pelvic viscera

A

bladder and uterus

41
Q

at what vertebral level does the aorta pierce the diaphragm

A

T12

42
Q

what does the superior mesenteric artery suuply

A

midgut

i.e the second part of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, appendix & transverse parts of the colon

43
Q

what does the inferior mesenteric artery supply

A

the remainder of the colon and the gut as far as the proximal rectum

44
Q

what does the hepatic br of the coeliac trunk supply

A

liver & gall bladder

45
Q

what does the splenic br of the coeliac trunk supply

A

spleen & pancreas

46
Q

what do the left gastric br of coeliac trunk supplly

A

oesophagus & stomach

47
Q

what are the paired branches to the genitourinary system

A

renal arteries

testicular/ovarian arteries

48
Q

what are the 2 routes of veins responsible for venous drainage of the aorta

A

inferior vena cava

hepatic portal system

49
Q

where does the inferior vena cava pierce the diaphragm

A

T8

50
Q

which 2 veins unite to form the inferior vena cava

A

common iliac veins

51
Q

name the tributaries that drain into the vena cava

A
  1. hepatic veins
  2. inferior phrenic veins
  3. suprarenal veins
  4. renal (gonadal drain directly into renal)
  5. testicular veins
  6. 5 pairs of lumbar veins
52
Q

what is the function of the hepatic portal system

A

directs blood from parts of the GI to the liver

53
Q

what veins are part of the hepatic portal system

A

inferior mesenteric (drains hindgut joints)
splenic (drains foregut)
superior mesenteric
hepatic portal vein

54
Q

what veins unite to form the hepatic portal vein

A

sup mesenteric joins inf mesenteric and splenic vein to form the portal vein

55
Q

what is the function of hepatic portal vein

A

drain blood from the gut to liver transporting products of digestion

56
Q

what are the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall (back)

A

psoas major
iliacus
quadratus lumborum

57
Q

which vertebrae does the psoas major arise from, where does it attach & what is its function

A

T12- L5
inferiorly to the femur
flexes hip

58
Q

on which muscles does the ureter lie

A

psoas muscle

urter drains urine from kidney to the bladder

59
Q

where does the iliacus attach and what is its function

A

internal surface of pelvic bone and femur

flexes hip

60
Q

where does the quadratus lumborum attach and what is its function

A

12th rib to tips of transverse processes of L1-L5
inferiorly to iliolumbar ligamnet and part of the iliac crest

lateral rotator and stabiliser of the hip
lateral flexor of of the vertebral column

61
Q

how is is the quadratus lumborum important in ventilation

A

fixes the 12th rib during ventilation

62
Q

what nerve provides the parasympathetic innervation to the gut

A

vagus nerve

63
Q

at which vertebral level does the vagus n pierce diaphragm

A

T10- oesophageal opening

64
Q

what is meant by intramural ganglia

A

br of the nerve (X) pass to ganglia within the walls of the viscera

65
Q

what happens after CNX pierces the diaphragm

A

autonomic axons in it are preganglionic and synapse in intramural ganglion within the viscera they innervate

66
Q

what happens after preganglionic fibres of CNX synapse in the intramural ganglion

A

the post ganglionic parasympathetic neurones innervate the GI tracrt

67
Q

up to what part of the GI tract does CNX provide parasympathetic innervation

A

as far as the left colic flexure (where transverse colon becomes descending colon)

68
Q

what nerve provides PS innervation to the gut beyond the left colic flexure

A

pelvic parasympathetic splanchnic nerves from S2, S3, S4

69
Q

what nerves provide sympathetic innervation to the gut

A 
T5-T13 spinal nerves to sympathetic chain 
splanchnic nerves to abdomen 
- lumbar 
-thoracic
postganglionic fibres to the viscera
70
Q

which nerves supply the hindgut and in which ganglion do they synapse

A

lumbar splanchnic nerves

inferior mesenteric ganglion

71
Q

which nerves supply the fore and mid gut and in which ganglion do they synapse

A

thoracic splanchnic nerves

superior mesenteric ganglio

72
Q

terminology for clinical examination of the midline

A

epigastric- stomach & foregut
umbilical- duodenum to colon
hypogastric- uterus bladder

73
Q

terminology for clinical examination of the right & left

A

hypochondrium- liver on right, spleen on left
lumbar- lower poles of kidney and colon (on left)
inguinal- appendix on right colon cancer on sides

Stage 1 (21 decks)

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