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Stage 1 > Theme 6 Anatomy > Flashcards

Theme 6 Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the pharynx

A

a funnel-shaped fibromuscular tube that is a common area for air and food passages

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2
Q

what are the four basic layers of the pharyngeal wall (same as the rest of the gut)

A

areolar coat
muscular coar
submucous
mucous

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3
Q

what does the areolar coat cover

A

the exterior of pharynx
continuous with fascia over buccinator
envelopes sup constrictor

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4
Q

what does the muscular coat cover

A

semi-circular and longitudinal muscles

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5
Q

what does submucous coat do

A

anchors the pharynx to the base of the skull at a U-shaped attachment

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6
Q

what does the mucous coat do

A

coats internal aspect of the pharynx

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7
Q

what are the semicircular muscles

A

superior/middle/inferior constrictor

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8
Q

what are the longitudinal muscles (internal layer)

A

stylopharyngeus
palatopharyngeus
salpingopharyngeus

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9
Q

what are they types of fascia

A

buccopharyngeal

pharyngobasilar

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10
Q

what does the buccopharyngeal fascia do

A

forms distinct layer up to post part of the buccinator

envelopes sup pharyngeal constrictor

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11
Q

what are pharyngobasilar fasica attachments

A 
pharyngeal tubercle 
petrous temporal bone 
cartilaginous part of auditory tube 
post border of medial ptyergoid
int layer lines pharyngeal constrictors
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12
Q

what are the 2 inferior constrictor muscles

A

thyropharyngeus

cricopharyngeus

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13
Q

what are the 3 functional divisions of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngeal pharynx

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14
Q

what is contained in the nasopharynx

A

opening of auditory tube

salpingopharyngeal fold pharyngeal recess

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15
Q

what is contained in the oropharynx

A

palatine tonsil
palatopharyngeal fold
palatoglossal fold

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16
Q

what is contained in the laryngeal pharynx

A

piriform fossa

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17
Q

where may an inhaled incisor tooth lodge

A

in the piriform fossa, larynx or vallecula

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18
Q

what muscle is the palatopharyngeus joined by when it passes downwards

A

salpingopharyngeus

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19
Q

which muscle passes downwards between sup and middle constrictors

A

stylopharyngeus

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20
Q

what are the tonsils in waldeyer’s tonsillar ring

A

tubal
pharyngeal
palatine
lingual

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21
Q

what is the main innervation for the pharynx

A 
pharyngeal plexus 
(contains axons from IX, X, XI) except stylopharyngues
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22
Q

what is the motor innervation for stylopharyngeus

A

CNIX

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23
Q

what is the main sensory supply for pharynx

A

CNIX

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24
Q

what is the sensory innervation for soft palate and pharyngeal roof

A

V2

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25
Q

what is the sensory innervation for the area around the laryngeal inlet

A

CNX

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26
Q

what is the arterial blood supply for the pharynx

A

inferior thyroid artery
superior thyroid artery
ascending pharyngeal artery

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27
Q

of what larger artery is the inf thyroid artery a branch

A

thyrocervical trunk

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28
Q

what are the veins involved in venous drainage of the pharynx

A

int jugular vein

pharyngeal venous plexus

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29
Q

what are the elevators of the soft palate

A

levator veli palatini

tensor veli palatini

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30
Q

what are the depressors of the soft palate

A

palatoglossal muscle

palatopharyngeus muscle

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31
Q

what are the function of the soft palate in swallowing

A

during swallowing sp raised to prevent food/liquid entering nasal cavity
soft palate closure needs to be complete during swallowing

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32
Q

what is the function of soft palate in speech

A

its position controls degree of nasalisation of sounds

soft palate closure is rare during speech

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33
Q

what is sensory innervation of the soft palate

A

lesser palatine nerve (br of V2)

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34
Q

what is the sensory innervation of the hard palate

A

greater palatine nerve
nasopalatine nerve
(br of V2)

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35
Q

what is the sensor innervation of palatal gingivae

A

1-3 nasopalatine n
4-8 greater palatine n
(br of V2)

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36
Q

what is the motor innervation to muscles of soft palate

A

pharyngeal plexus except tensor veli palitini

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37
Q

tensor veli is the exception, what is its motor innervation

A

V3

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38
Q

describe the clinical anatomy of the soft palate

A

Location of ‘vibrating line’
Importance of rugae (ridges)
Location of incisive fossa (burning mouth syndrome)
Palatal innervation

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39
Q

what bones is the hard palate formed by

A

palatine process of maxilla

horizontal plate of palatine bone

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40
Q

what are the key anatomical landmarks of the hard and soft palate relevant to the correct fitting of dental prosthesis

A

incisive fossa
rugae
vibrating line

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41
Q

what is the sensory supply to the hard palate

A

greater palatine
nasopalatine
(br of V2)

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42
Q

what is the vertebral level of the larynx

A

C3 to C6

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43
Q

what are the 3 function of the larynx

A 
air passage (links pharynx to trachea 
sphincter (prevent food in pharynx enter air passage ) 
organ of phonation
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44
Q

is the larynx open or closed when air passes through

A

open

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45
Q

is the larynx open or closed when it acts a sphincter

A

closed

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46
Q

is the larynx open or closed when it acts as an organ of phonation

A

half open

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47
Q

what are the paired laryngeal cartilages of larynx

A

thyroid
epiglottis
cricoid

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48
Q

what are the unpaired cartilages of larynx

A

arytenoid
corniculate
cuneiform

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49
Q

what are the features of the thyroid cartilage

A

thyroid prominence (adams apple)
thyroid notch
sup & inf horns
oblique line

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50
Q

at what vertebral level is the cricoid cartilage found

A

C6

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51
Q

what features are found on the cricoid cartilage

A

lamina
arch
cricoid lumen

52
Q

features of arytenoid cartilage

A

apex
vocal process
muscular process

53
Q

what is the function of corniculate cartilages

A

extend length of apical processes

54
Q

what are the extrinsic laryngeal membranes

A

thyrohyoid - hyoid bone to thyroid cartilage

cricotracheal- cricoid cart to 1st tracheal ring

55
Q

what are the intrinsic laryngeal membranes

A

cricothyroid (conus elasticus)

aryepiglottic (quadrangular membrane)

56
Q

what are the laryngeal cavities

A

supraglottic (vestibule)
ventricle
infraglottic
(correct order shown)

57
Q

what are the joints formed in the larynx

A

cricothyroid joint

cricoarytenoid joint

58
Q

what type of joints of these joints in the larynx

A

synovial

59
Q

explain the movement and function at the cricothyroid joint

A

rotation and some gliding

lengthen and shorten vocal folds

60
Q

explain the movement and function at the cricoarytenoid joint

A

rocking and sliding
open & close vocal folds
(abduct/addcut)

61
Q

what does the incisive fossa/fo. transmit

A

nasopalatine nerve

62
Q

what does the greater palatine fo. transmit

A

greater palatine nerve and vessels

63
Q

what does the lesser palatine fo. transmit

A

lesser palatine nerve and vessels

64
Q

what are the muscles controlling the laryngeal inlet

A

aryepiglottic

thyroepiglottic

65
Q

what are the muscles cause adduction of the vocal folds

A

lateral cricoarytenoid

interarytenoid

66
Q

what muscles causes abduction of the vocal folds

A

posterior cricoarytenoid

67
Q

what muscle causes the vocal folds to lengthen

A

cricothyroid

68
Q

what muscles cause the vocal folds to shorten

A

thyroarytenoid

69
Q

which 2 nerves provide motor innervation to the larynx

A

recurrent laryngeal

external laryngeal branch of sup laryngeal

70
Q

the recurrent laryngeal n is motor to all but one intrinsic muscle of the larynx, which muscle is this? what is its innervation?

A

cricothyroid muscle

ext laryngeal nerve

71
Q

what is the sensory innervation for the vocal folds and above

A

internal laryngeal n

72
Q

what is the sensory innervation below the vocal folds

A

recurrent laryngeal n

73
Q

what is the true vocal fold

A

laryngeal landmark that separates the internal laryngeal branch of superior laryngeal nerve & the recurrent laryngeal nerve

74
Q

explain the spincteric role of the larynx

A 
ingestion of foreign bodies
protective during swallowing 
role in protective reflexes 
fixation of thorax
regulation of abdominal pressure (micturition, defaecation, parturition)
75
Q

explain what happens in voice production- phonation

A 
vocal folds adducted during expiration
pressure rises
vocal folds abduct and air is released
vocal folds adduct and cycle repeats
pitch and loudness can be varied
76
Q

what nerve is superior laryngeal a branch of

A

vagus

77
Q

what br does the superior laryngeal n give rise to?

A

internal laryngeal

external laryngeal

78
Q

is the internal laryngeal n sensory or motor

A

sensory

79
Q

is the ext laryngeal muscle sensory or motor

A

motor (innervates the cricothyroid)

80
Q

outline the steps in the cough release after the presence of a foreign body entering the supraglottic cavity

A

detection by sensory receptor which is relayed to the brain
deep inspiration & vocal fold adduct (close)
increase in thoracic pressure by forceful expiration against closed vocal folds
pressure below vocal folds rises & eventually vocal folds abducted (opened)
this will dislodge the foreign body by rapid rise in air pressure

81
Q

outline the events of swallowing

A

oral voluntary stage- bolus formed and passed to oropharynx
pharyngeal involuntary stage- bolus passes over epiglottis and through piriform fossa, while the airways are closed.
in the oesophageal stage- bolus passes through the oesophagus

82
Q

what are the muscles involved in the oral phase of swallowing

A

intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue
elevators and depressors od palate
suprahyoid muscles

83
Q

what are the muscles involved in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing

A

pharyngeal constrictors
pharyngeal elevators
soft palate elevators
muscles of laryngeal inlet

84
Q

what are the other protective reflexes (apart from coughing) during ingestion of foreign bodies or swallowing

A 
larynx raised (supra/infra hyoid muscles) 
epiglottis lowered passively 
laryngeal inlet closed 
vocal folds adducted 
ventilation suspended
85
Q

what is the basi-occiput

A

bone in the base of the skull immediately in front of the foramen magnum

86
Q

of which bone is the basi-occiput apart of

A

the occipital bone

87
Q

what structures are attached to the pharyngeal tubercle

A

pharyngeal raphe
superior constrictor
pharyngobasilar fascia

88
Q

what is attached to the posterior edge of the medial pterygoid plate

A

superior fibres of sup constrictor inferiorly

pharyngobasilar fascia superiorly

89
Q

what structure is attached to the tip of the hamulus

A

pterygomandibular raphe

90
Q

what structure lies in the opening of the auditory tube

A

pharyngotympanic tube

91
Q

where does the pharyngotympanic tube open in the neck

A

nasopharynx

92
Q

what the functions of the constrictor muscles in the neck

A

control calibre (diameter) of the pharynx and the muscle tension in its walls are active during swallowing and speech

93
Q

what is the function of the palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus

A

lower the soft palate

94
Q

what is the function of the cricopharyngeal sphincter (part of the cricopharyngeus)

A

usually closed to prevent the ingestion of air into the stomach. during swallowing the sphincter opens to allow food and water to pass into the oesophagus

95
Q

what lies in the margin surrounding the opening of the auditory tube

A

tonsillar tissue

tubular tonsil

96
Q

what is the function of the salpingopharyngeal fold

A

it overlies the salpingopharyngeal muscle, a muscle that opens the auditory tube

97
Q

what structures bound the piriform fossa

A

thyrohyoid membrane
thyroid cartilages
quadrangular membrane arytenoid cartilages

98
Q

of what bone is the palatine process of maxilla apart of

A

maxilla

99
Q

name the suture joining the palatine process of maxilla & horizontal plate of palatine bone

A

palatomaxillary suture

100
Q

what are the functions of the tensor veli palitini and the levator veli palitini

A

palatal elevation
tensor- lifts soft palate
levator- raises the soft palate

101
Q

what structures bound the vallecula

A

the lateral and median glossoepiglottic folds

102
Q

importance of vibrating line in denture fittings

A

aligning the denture with vibrating line means they will not be displaced by movements of the soft palate

103
Q

importance of rugae in denture fittings

A

complying with the rugae helps to ensure a good fit

104
Q

importance of incisive fossa in denture fittings

A

taking care not to enroach on incisive fossa when taking impression will reduce the risk of pressure on the incisive nerve and consequent pain

105
Q

at what vertebral level is thyroid cartilage found

A

C3-C4

106
Q

of which joint is thyroid cartilage apart of

A

cricothyroid joint

107
Q

name the muscles that attach to the oblique line

A

thyrohyoid
sternothyroid
thyropharyngeus

108
Q

of what joint is the arytenoid cartilage apart of

A

cricoarytenoid joint

109
Q

why is the piriform fossa important

A

it directs food and water from the lateral food channels into the oesophagus
foreign bodies can lodge here

110
Q

what spaces does the piriform fossa communicate with superiorly and inferiorly

A

sup- lateral food channels

inf- with lower part of laryngopharynx and oesophagus

111
Q

what features of the larynx divide the larynx into cavities

A

false & true vocal folds
vestibule above false vf
infraglottic below true vf
ventricle between false and true)

112
Q

which vocal fold divides the larynx into territories for internal laryngeal branch of superior laryngeal nerve & the recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

true

113
Q

what is the int laryngeal nerve sensory to

A

mucous membrane of cavity above the true vocal folds

114
Q

what is the recurrent laryngeal sensory to

A

mucous membrane covering the true vocal folds and lining the infraglottic cavity below

115
Q

what cartilages is the true vocal fold attached

A

arytenoid and thyroid

116
Q

what does the true vocal fold consist of

A

vocal ligament and thyroarytenoid muscles centrally and a covering of the mucous membrane

117
Q

what is the function of the false vocal fold

A

contains numerous glands that secrete mucous that protects the true vocal folds keeping them moist

118
Q

what muscle opposes the action of the cricothyroid muscle

A

thyroarytenoid

119
Q

what muscles oppose the action of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

A

lateral cricoarytenoid

oblique and transverse interarytenoid muscles

120
Q

which muscle is located in the aryepiglottic fold

A

aryepiglottic muscle (closes the laryngeal inlet)

121
Q

how does the innervation of the left and right recurrent laryngeal nerve differ

A

left- loops round the aorta in the thorax

right- loops around the subclavian artery in the neck

122
Q

which sensory nerves might trigger a cough reflex by detecting irritation of the mucous membrane lining the appropriate parts of the airway

A

internal laryngeal br of vagus
recurrent laryngeal
glossopharyngeal

123
Q

what is the function of the epiglottis

A

cover laryngeal inlet

protects larynx from foreign bodies

124
Q

what are the valleculae

A

spaces that lie anterior to the epiglottis separating it from the base of the tongue

125
Q

what is the functional role of valleculae

A

main site of accumulation of food/liquid immediately prior to the initiation of a swallow
high density of sensory nerve endings here triggering the onset of a swallow

126
Q

how can you tell the difference between tensor veli palitini and levator veli palitini on a specimen

A

the one more anterior and deeper is tensor veli palitini

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