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Stage 1 > GI Theme 1 > Flashcards

GI Theme 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main functions of the gut

A

digestion & absorption
excretion
defence
commuication

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2
Q

what are the 2 main groups of organs of the digestive system

A

alimentary canal- tract itself

accessory digetsive organs/glands

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3
Q

what are the layers of the GI tract

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa

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4
Q

what layers make up the mucosa

A

(Top to bottom)

  1. epithelium
  2. lamina propria
  3. muscularis mucosa
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5
Q

in which layer are most of the glands present

A

mucosal

only some in submucosal

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6
Q

what is gastrointestinal epithelium

A

tissue covering the external surfaces of teh body and lining hollow structures (except blood and lymphatic vessels which are lined by endothelial cells

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7
Q

where is epithelium derived from

A

embryonic endoderm (innermost of three layers formed at gastrulation)

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8
Q

what are the types of epithelia

A

stratified squamous epithelium

columnar epithelium

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9
Q

what are the features of stratified squamous epithelium & where is located

A

flat and scale-like
can be several cells thick
protective
located in oesophagus

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10
Q

what are the features of columnar epithelium

A

absorptive
single layer of cells
may have brush border
secretory (mucous & enzymes)

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11
Q

which epithelia is the major cell type in the gut epithelium and endocrine pancreas

A

columnar

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12
Q

what is the function of the oesophagus

A

conducts food by peristalsis
slow rhythmic squeezing
passageway for food only (respiration system branches of after the pharynx)

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13
Q

what are layers of the oesophagus

A

stratified squamous non- keratinised epithelium
submucosa
muscularised externa (does not contract unless stimulated)
mesothelium (simple squamous)

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14
Q

in the oesophagus where are most glands located and what is there function

A

submucosa

secrete mucous and serous to lubricate the lumen of the oesophagus

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15
Q

what is the function of the stomach

A 
food enters at cardioesophageal sphincter 
storage tank for food
site of food breakdown 
chemical breakdown of protein begins
delivers chyme to SI
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16
Q

what are the layers of the stomach

A

gastric glands

gastric pits- contain secretory glands

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17
Q

what do the parietal cells of the gastric glands do

A

generation of HCL and KCL (gastric acid)

secretion of intrinsic factor

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18
Q

what are the other main cell types in gastric glands (apart from parietal cells)

A

mucous secreting cells
chief cells
enteroendocrine APUD cells

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19
Q

what is the function of the chief cells of the gastric glands

A

secrete pepsinogen which (breaks down polypeptides), renin, lipase

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20
Q

what do enteroendocrine APUD cells of the gastric glands secrete

A

polypeptide hormones

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21
Q

outline the differences between the cell types in the oesophagus and stomach

A

oesophagus epithelium is stratified squamous not simple columnar
no gastric glands is oesophagus mucosa
oesophagus has submucosal sermucous glands
stomach more muscular

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22
Q

where are the glands located in the stomach, how is this different from their location in the oesophagus

A

intermucosal layer

submucosa in oesophagus

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23
Q

what is the function of the small intestine

A

digestive organ
site of nutrient absorption into blood
muscular tube extending from pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve
suspended from posterior abdominal wall by the mesentery

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24
Q

what are the 3 parts of the small intestine

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum (connects SI to LI)

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25
Q

what are the layers of the duodenum

A

villi (no villi stomach)
crypts in mucosa- mucosal glands maintain lubrication
brunners glands- submucosal glands which neutralise HCL from stomacg(not in stomach)
myenteric plexus- gangli & nerves

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26
Q

what structure is a landmark of the small intestine

A

villi

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27
Q

where are most glands located in the small intestine

A

mucosal layer- lamina propira

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28
Q

what is the function of goblet cells

A

secrete mucous

  • covers epithelial surfaces
  • defence
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29
Q

where are goblet cells most abundant

A

colon

also in salivary glands

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30
Q

in which disease does goblet cell hyperplasia occur

A

cystic fibrosis

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31
Q

what are the paneth cells located

A

at the base of intestinal crypts

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32
Q

what is the function of paneth cells

A 
like neutrophils
secrete alpha defensins 
secrete lysozyme and phospholipase A2
may protect whole crypt
long lived (20 days)
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33
Q

what is the function of the enterocytes of SI

A

digestion and absorption

columnar epithelial

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34
Q

what are the sections of the large intestine

A

caecum
appendix
colon- ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
rectum

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35
Q

function of LI

A

water, fat & salts absorption
faeces production
goblet cells produce mucous for lubricant

36
Q

are there villi in the LI

A

no

37
Q

what are the layers of the LI

A 
mucosa- crypts 
submucosa 
muscularis mucosa 
muscularis externa- myenteric plexus
serosa
38
Q

what are the accessory digestive organs

A 
teeth 
salivary glands 
pancreas
liver
gall bladder
39
Q

what are accessory glands made up from

A

epithelial tissue connected through ducts

40
Q

what are the classifications of accessory glands

A

uni cellular

multicellular

41
Q

what are unicellular cells

give examples

A

individual cells within an epithelium
e.g. type II alveolar cells in the lungs
goblet cells

42
Q

where are goblet cells found

A

intestinal epithelium

43
Q

what are multicellular glands

A

tubular glands- lie along ducts
acinar glands- in sac at end of duct (simple & compound)
compound tubulo-acinar- submandibular glands

44
Q

where are simple tubular glands found

A

intestinal & sweat glands

45
Q

where are compound tubular glands found

A

gastric glands

46
Q

what are sebaceous glands

simple acinar

A

branched acinar glands which generate an oily compound b merocrine secretion

47
Q

where are compound acinar glands found

A

parotid & pancreas

serous content

48
Q

where are tubulo-acinar glands found & how are they formed

A

submandibular

formed when simple layer of acinar cells fuse together

49
Q

what secretions are from the parotid gland

A

serous- watery, leaky

50
Q

where does the parotid duct (stensens duct) open

A

runs around masseter and opens into the oral cavity

51
Q

which gland produces up to 70% of saliva

A

submandibular

52
Q

what secretions are from the submandibular gland

A

Mixed:
mainly serous
also mucous

53
Q

where does the submandibular duct (wharton’s duct) open

A

runs forwards above mylohyoid & opens into oral cavity beneath the tongue

54
Q

what are the secretions from sublingual glands

A

mixed

mainly mucous

55
Q

what glands does the lingual br of the facial innervate

A

sublingual and submandibular

56
Q

where do the small ducts of the sublingual glands open

A

into oral cavity along sublingual fold

57
Q

where are most minor salivary glands located

A

small aggregates in sub mucosa the oral cavity (not gingiva and hard palate

58
Q

what do the minor salivary glands secrete

A

mixed secretions

mainly mucous

59
Q

which glands in the oral cavity is only serous

A

von Ebner’s glands

60
Q

what are myoepithelial cells

A

They sit on top of the acinar cells. Their contraction stimulates ejection of saliva.

61
Q

what are the main structural features of minor salivary glands

A

acinar & myoepothelial
mucous tubular
intercalated ducts
striated ducts

62
Q

what happens to saliva as it travels down the striated duct

A

ionic modification- saliva is isotonic but Na+ and Cl- are reabsorbed so the resultant saliva is become hypertonic

63
Q

what is the main excretory duct

A

oral cavity

64
Q

what do intercalated ducts do

A

connect acini with striated ducts which carry the content to excretory ducts then the main ducts

65
Q

what are acini

A

groups of secretory cells that share a lumen (bunch of grapes)

66
Q

what type of epithelium is found in excretory ducts

A

pseudostratified columnar

67
Q

what type of epithelium is found in striated ducts

A

simple columnar

68
Q

what type of epithelium is found in intercalated ducts

A

simple cuboidal

69
Q

which duct has the largest diameter

A

excretory

70
Q

what are the 2 types of secretory end pieces

A

serous acinus

mucous alveolus

71
Q

what are landmarks for serous acinus

A

intercellular canaliculi

72
Q

which secretory end piece has a larger lumen

A

mucous alveolus

73
Q

which secretory end piece has a larger nucleus

A

serous acinus

74
Q

what are serous demilunes

A

cellular formations in the shape of a half moon on some salivary glands

75
Q

which glands are demilunes found on

A

mixed glands

mainly submandibular

76
Q

what is the function of myothelial cells

A

support saliva secretion
maintain cell polarity & structural integrity of acinus
tumour suppressor activity

77
Q

what is the function of saliva

A

helps form bolus
moisten, lubricate
initiate digestion of food

78
Q

what is contained in saliva

A

proteins, glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans, electrolytes and water

79
Q

what is the main enzyme in saliva

A

amylase

80
Q

what can be used for parotid saliva collection

A

lashley cannula

curby cup

81
Q

what can be used for submandibular/sublingual saliva collection

A

schneyer’s apparatus

82
Q

what are some systemic diseases causing saliva hypofucntion

A 
sjogren syndrome
graft-versus-host disease
cystic fibrosis 
granulomatous diseases 
uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
thyroid disorders
hepatic disease
neurological diseases
HIV
83
Q

what are other causes of salivary gland hypofunction

A

radiation
chemotherapy
depression
ageing

84
Q

factors affecting saliva composition

A 
flow rate 
- resting vs stimulated
-cardiac rhythms
relative contribution of glands diet
individual variation
85
Q

what is the function of myoepithelium

A

increases rate of saliva production

Stage 1 (21 decks)

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