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Stage 1 > Theme 2 Anatomy > Flashcards

Theme 2 Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the atlanto-occipital joint

A

articulation between superior articulation facets & the occipital condyles of the skull

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2
Q

what type of movement do you get at the atlanto-occipital joint

A

nodding and lateral flexion

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3
Q

what is the atlanto-axial joint

A

synovial joint
synocial articualtion between the superior articulating facet of axis and the inferior articulation facet of atlas
3rd articulation between dens of axis and anterior arch of atlas

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4
Q

what type of movement occurs at the atlanto-axial joint

A

rotation

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5
Q

what are types vertebra and how many are there of each

A

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral

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6
Q

what are the main features of the cervical vertebra

A

bifid spinous process (except c1 and c7)
transverse foramina
triangular vertebral formane

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7
Q

what are the distinguishable features of the thoracic vertebrae

A

upper and lower articular facets (demifacets)
articular facet on front of each transverse process
round vertebral foramen
spinous process points downwards and backwards

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8
Q

what is different about the 7th cervical vertebra

A

the spinous process ends in single tubercle- it does not bifurcating

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9
Q

which vertebra has no body

A

atlas c1

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10
Q

what replaces the spinous process in atlas

A

small posterior tubercle

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11
Q

how can we identify upper and lower surfaces of atlas

A

sup articular facets are concave & kidney shaped

inf are round and flat

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12
Q

how can the front and back of atlas be distinguished

A

ant arch is straighter and shorter than the posterior arch

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13
Q

what are the ligaments the stabilise the joint between the first and second cervical vertebrae

A 
transverse and longitudinal bands of the cruciform ligaments 
alar ligaments 
apical ligaments (small role) 
post longitudinal ligament of vertebra
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14
Q

what are the boundaries of the posterior triangle

A

anterior border trapezius
posterior border of scm
middle 1/3 of clavicle

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15
Q

what muscles form the floor of the posterior triagnle

A

splenius capitis
levator scapulae
scalenus post, med & ant

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16
Q

what is the function of the scm

A

bilaterally flex neck on head

when acting on one side rotates the head to the same side, turns face to opposite side

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17
Q

what nerve innervates the scm and trapezius

A

spinal accessory

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18
Q

what is the function of the trapezius

A

rotate the scapula and raise the arm

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19
Q

what is the function of scalenus anterior

A

aids in forced respiration by elevating the ribs and sternum

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20
Q

what are the contents of the posterior triangle

A 
omohyoid muscle 
external jugular vein 
spinal accessory nerve 
subclavian artery 
phrenic nerve 
brachial plexus 
cutaneous nerves
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21
Q

what are the cutaneous nerves of the neck and their root values

A

lesser occipital C1-C2
greater auricular C2-C3
transverse cervical C2-C3
supraclavicular C3-C4

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22
Q

what are does the lesser occipital nerve supply sensory innervation

A

scalp in lateral area of head

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23
Q

what area does the greater auricular nerve supply sensory innervation

A

skin over the parotid gland and mastoid process and both surfaces of the outer ear

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24
Q

what area does the transverse cervical nerve supply cutaneous innervation

A

anterior and lateral parts of the neck

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25
Q

what area does the supraclavicular nerve provide cutaneous innervation

A

skin above and below the clavicle

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26
Q

what foramen does the spinal accessory nerve enter the skull

A

fo magnum

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27
Q

what fo does the spinal accessory nerve leave the skull

A

jugular formamen

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28
Q

what nerve overlies scalenus anterior

A

phrenic

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29
Q

what muscle lies over the 1st part of the subclavian artery

A

scalenus anterior (may be reflected on specimen)

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30
Q

the vagus nerve descends and wraps around the arch of aorta and ascends as what

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve RHS only

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31
Q

what are the boundaries of the anterior triangle

A

anterior border of scm
inf border of body of mandible
midline

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32
Q

what are the superficial infrahyoid strap muscle & what is their function

A

sternohyoid
omohyoid
depress hyoid bone and larynx

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33
Q

what are the deep infrahyoid strap muscles & what is their function

A

sternothyroid- depress larynx

thyrohyoid- depress hyoid bone

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34
Q

what are the suprahyoid muscles

A

digastric
mylohyoid
geniohyoid
stylohyoid

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35
Q

what is the function of the digastric muscles & stylohyoid

A

elevate hyoid bone

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36
Q

what is the function of the mylohyoid

A

elevates hyoid bone, base of tongue and floor of mouth

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37
Q

what is the function of geniohyoid

A

elevates & protracts hyoid bone

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38
Q

what is the innervation of the infrahyoid muscles except thyrohyoid

A

ansa cervicalis

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39
Q

what is thyrohyoid innervated by

A

C1 fibres that hitchhike the hypoglossal nerve

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40
Q

what is the innervation of the ant digastric

A

nerve to mylohyoid (br of v3)

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41
Q

what is the innervation of the mylohyoid

A

nerve to mylohyoid (br of v3)

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42
Q

what is the innervation of post digastric

A

facial nerve

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43
Q

what is the innervation of stylohyoid

A

facial nerve

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44
Q

what is the innervation of geniohyoid

A

C1 fibres hitchhiking the hypoglossal nerve

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45
Q

what are the root values for the cervical plexus

A

c1-c4

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46
Q

through what fo do spinal nerves exit the spinal cord

A

intervertebral foramen

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47
Q

once the paired spinal nerves exit the spinal cord what 2 branches do they immediately divide into

A

anterior and posterior rami

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48
Q

what are the root values of ansa cervicalis

A

c1-c3

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49
Q

what are the 2 neurovascular bundles in the neck & what do they contain

A

carotid sheath

  • common carotid
  • int jugular
  • vagus n

subclavian

  • subclavian artery
  • subclavian vein
  • brachial plexus
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50
Q

what are the branches of the external carotid artery

A 
superior thyroid 
ascending pharyngeal 
lingual 
facial 
occipital 
posterior auricular

terminal branches:

  • maxillary
  • superficial temporal
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51
Q

what are the main br in the neck of vagus nerve

A 
pharyngeal 
superior laryngeal
- internal
-external 
recurrent laryngeal (RHS only)
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52
Q

from which fo does the hypoglossal n leave the skull

A

hypoglossal canal

53
Q

what are the br of the subclavian artery related to the scalenus anterior

A

vertebral
internal thoracic
throcervical trunk

54
Q

of which larger artery is the inferior thyroid artery a br

A

thyrocervical trunk

55
Q

what structures are anterior to scalenus anterior

A

phrenic nerve
subclavian vein
vagus nerve
int jugular vein

56
Q

what 3 tributaries does the subclavian vein have in the neck

A

internal thoracic vein
external jugular vein
vertebral vein

57
Q

what structures are medial to scalenus anterior

A

first part of subclavian artery and its br

vertebral vein

58
Q

what is posterior to scalenus anterior

A

costocervical trunk (second part of subclavian artery)

59
Q

what is lateral to the scalenus anterior

A

third part of subclavian artery

brachial plexus

60
Q

what is the role of the thyroid gland

A

maintains metabolism
hormone (thyroxine) production
parafollicular cells produce calcitonin

61
Q

what are the superior and inferior lobes of the thyroid gland unites by

A

isthmus

62
Q

what are the main br of the internal jugular vein

A 
brachiocephalic
-inf thyroid
subclavian 
middle thyroid 
sup thyroid
lingual 
common facial
63
Q

what is the arterial blood supply for the thyroid gland

A

superior thyroid

inferior thyroid

64
Q

of what artery is the sup thyroid a branch

A

right ext carotid

65
Q

of what artery is the inferior thyroid a branch

A

thyrocervical trunk of subclavian

66
Q

what structure is the superior thyroid artery related to

A

external laryngeal nerve

67
Q

what structure is the inferior thyroid artery related to

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

68
Q

what veins drain the thyroid gland & where do they drain

A

superior thyroid- int jugular
middle thyroid-internal jugular
inferior thyroid- left brachiocephalic vein

69
Q

what are the parathyroid glands

A

4 glands 2 on the right 2 on the left
embedded within thyroid gland tissue
secrete PTH

70
Q

what are the types of fascia of the neck

A

superficial fascia

deep cervical fascia

71
Q

what are the types of deep cervical fascia

A

deep investing fascia
pretracheal (visceral) fascia
prevertebral fascia
carotid sheaths

72
Q

what are the attachments of the carotid sheath

A

sup- base of skull around carotid canal
inf- visceral and prevertebral fascia
ant- visceral fascia
post- prevertebral fascia

73
Q

what is the name of the tissue space that lies between the prevertebral and pretracheal fascia

A

retropharyngeal tissue space

74
Q

what happens to infections that gain access to the retropharyngeal tissue space

A

spread rapidly to the base of the skull superiorly even into the posterior mediastinum inferiorly

75
Q

how do infections create tissue ‘spaces’

A

they destroy the loose connective tissues that unites fascial planes allowing infection to spread widely

76
Q

what is the function of the lymphatic system /lymph nodes

A

return fluid to the blood

77
Q

what happens when fluid passes through lymph nodes

A

foreign particulate matter is filtered out by phagocytic cells

78
Q

which nodes drain into jugulo-omohyoid nodes

A

sub mental and occipital nodes

79
Q

which nodes drain into jugulo-digastric

A

submandibular
parotid
mastoid nodes

80
Q

where do superficial tissues of the neck drain

A

superficial nodes of the neck alonfg the ext jugular vein

81
Q

where do superficial tissues of head drain

A

nodes at the head neck junction

82
Q

what do the submental nodes drain from

A

tip of tongue

83
Q

where do the submandibular nodes drain from

A

lower face and anterior 2/3 of tongue

84
Q

what do the parotid nodes drain from

A

skin of upper face

85
Q

what do the mastoid nodes drain from

A

scalp and ear

86
Q

what do the occipital nodes drain from

A

posterior scalp

87
Q

what do the superficial cervical nodes drain from

A

superficial neck

88
Q

during a neck examination what would you for (NHS guidlines)

A

infection spreas
metastases of oral tumours
TMD and orofacial pain

89
Q

what are neck structures involved in

A

jaw movements
larynx movements
protective reflexes
structures of passage to face, mouth and jaw

90
Q

what structures pass through the formamen magnum

A

spinal cord
vertebral arteries
anterior and posterior spinal arteries
spinal accessory nerve

91
Q

what structure forms the roof of the posterior triangle

A

deep cervical fascia

92
Q

what cutaneous nerve runs across the scm

A

transverse cervical and greater auricular

93
Q

into what larger structure does the ext jugular vein drain

A

subclavian vein

94
Q

what fo does XI leave the skull

A

jugular

95
Q

which muscle does XI lie on in the posterior triangle

A

levator scapule

96
Q

what would damage to XI cause in the posterior triangle

A

paralysis of trapezius

97
Q

describe the autonomic (ps and s) nerve supplies to the parotid gland

A

ps- derived from glossopharyngeal nerve and postganglionic neurones are located in the otic ganglion
symp- derived from the thoracic spinal cord and post ganglion neurones are in superior cervical ganglion

98
Q

do infrahyoid muscles do anything to help “open wide”

A

yes bc they stabilise the hyoid bone

99
Q

what muscles lie immediately deep to the omohyoid muscle

A

sternothyroid and thyrohyoid

100
Q

describe the sympathetic nerve supply of the submandibular salivary glands

A

preganglionic axons leave spinal cord at T1 to L3 and synapse in ganglia (sup cervical ganglion) close the spinal cord. post ganglionic travel far to the glands. they reach there in the walls of the ext carotid artery

101
Q

where is the cervical plexus found

A

on the scalenus medius beneath the prevertebral fascia

102
Q

what nerve appears to join cervical plexus

A

hypoglossal

103
Q

what is the function of the hypoglossal nerve and which division of the peripheral ns is it from

A

provides motor innervation for the muscles of the tongue

somatic

104
Q

where are motor neurone cell bodies that give rise to the axons in the nerve to be found in the cns

A

medulla oblongata of brainstem

(as its a spinal nerve)

105
Q

what ligament attaches to the lesser horn of the hyoid bone & whats its function

A

stylohyoid ligament

limits the extent to which the hyoid bone can be lowered in the neck

106
Q

what is the function of the phrenic

A

motor innervation to the diaphragm

large sensory component to the diaphragm itself and to the membranes that cover it

107
Q

what is vein formed from confluence of subclavian and int jugular veins

A

brachiocephalic

108
Q

which vessel does the inferior thyroid vein empty

A

left brachiocephalic

109
Q

what muscle attaches to the medial aspect of mastoid process

A

post belly of digastric

110
Q

which nerves contribute to the formation of ansa cervicalis

A

descendant hypoglossi
c1 axons that hitchhike the hypoglossal nerve
descendent cervicalis formed form branches that arise from C2 and C3 spinal nerves

111
Q

what level does common carotid bifurcate

A

C3/C4

112
Q

outline the anatomy of vagus nerve

A

lots of preganglionic ps axons (synapse in ganglia close to targets)
will have a sensory ganglion located on it similar to dorsal root ganglion
motor axons part of the somatic ns and will synapse directly onto muscle

113
Q

what is the general function of the brachial plexus nerves

A

motor and sensory innervation to structures in the upper limb

114
Q

which muscle is brachial plexus closely related in the neck

A

scalenus anterior

115
Q

what is the function of carotid sinus (dilation at point of carotid artery bifurcation)

A

contains receptors that measure changes in blood gases and pressure

116
Q

what class of axons do those which innervate the stomach from the vagus nerve belong to . what affect will they have on the stomach

A

preganglionic parasympathetic

stimulation of gastric secretion and motility

117
Q

what is the ultimate destination of lymph passing through the jugulo-omohyoid nodes

A

thoracic duct

118
Q

which fascia spilts to surround scm and trapezius

A

deep cervical

119
Q

which fascia covers the muscles that make up the posterior triangle

A

prevertebral

120
Q

what structures does pretracheal fascia surround

A

trachea
oesophagus
recurrent laryngeal nerves thyroid gland

121
Q

where does the spinal accessory nerve originate

A

C1-C6

122
Q

which pair of spinal nerves emerges from intervertebral fo between c3 and c4

A

c4 spinal nerve emerges from here

123
Q

name the nerves to which the c4 spinal nerve contributes

A

phrenic

supraclavicular

124
Q

which 2 muscles are attached to manubrium sterni

A

ant- scm

post- sternothyroid, sternohyoid

125
Q

what is the destination in general of the post ganglionic axons from superior cervical ganglion and how do they reach these targets

A

sympathetic innervation to the head and neck

travels in the walls of the arteries of the carotid arterial tree

126
Q

what is the name of the joint formed between intervertebral disc with 2 adjacent vertebra

A

joint between vertebral bodies

symphysis

127
Q

which muscle is the cervical plexus deep to

A

scm

128
Q

which nerve crosses the lingual artery in the neck

A

hypoglossal

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