Theme 1 anatomy Flashcards
function of bones
support, act as levers, protection, calcium store
ligaments
bones join to strengthen joints
tendons
connect muscle to bone
what is function of lymphatic system
transport fat
antibiotic manufacture
drainage
what are the lymphatic drainage mechanisms
negative thoracic pressure, vessel contraction, valve and muscle pumps
what is the clinal importance of the lymphatic system
drainage patterns are consistent so are predictive of infection spread
can be predictive of tumour spread
what are the functions of the nervous system
receive sensory input
initiate & regulate behavior in response to an external stimuli
maintain homeostasis
what are the anatomical divisions of the nervous system
central ns: brain and spinal cord
peripheral ns: peripheral nerves and ganglia
what are peripheral nerves
bundles of myelinated axons- connects cns to other parts of the body
what are ganglia
small clusters of neuronal cell bodies outside of the cns
what is grey matter
nerve cell bodies & their processes including glia
what are glial cells
cells in the ns that support, nourish, and protect neurons (provide insulation)
what is white matter
nerve cell axons (+ glia)- connecting different parts of grey matter to eachother
what are the anatomical divisions of the peripheral ns
cranial nerves, spinal nerves, afferent axons, efferent axons, somatic & autonomic ns
what is the function of cranial nerves
connect brain to body
what is the function of spinal nerves
connects spinal cord to body
what do neurones of the somatic ns
skin, skeletal muscle, bones and joints
what do neurones of the autonomic ns supply
glands, visceral, smooth muscle & cardiac muscle
what cranial are sensory only
olfactory (I)
optic (II)
vestibulocochlear (VIII)
what cranial nerves are motor only
oculomotor (III) trochlear (IV) abducent (VI) accessory (XI) hypoglossal (XII)
what cranial nerves are both motor and sensory nerves?
trigeminal (V)
facial (VII)
glossopharyngeal (IX)
vagus (X)
what do the spinal nerves exit through
intervertebral foramen
when excited what do spinal nerves divide into
anterior and posterior rami
what do anterior rami supply
mixed sensory and motor nerves to the lateran and ant aspects of the trunk and all the upper and lower limbs
what do posterior rami supply
mixed sensory and motor nerves to structures at the back of the head
what is a plexus
network of nerves- branching and rejoining pattern
cervical plexus root values
formed by anterior rami C1-C4
brachial plexus root values
formed by anterior rami of C5-T1
what is the role of the somatic nervous system
controls voluntary movement
connects cns to body wall, skin, skeletal muscle and joints
regulates response to external stimuli
what is the autonomic ns
part of peripheral ns that controls the glands, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
what are the two components of the autonomic nervous system
- motor component (controls smooth muscle, contractions of viscera, blood vessels and secretions of glands 2.autonomic sensory component (provides feedback for cns control of viscera, vessels and glands)
what are the functions of the ANS?
connects cns to glands, smooth and cardiac muscles
regulates responses to internal stimuli
functions to maintain homeostasis
(mostly under reflex control)
what is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system
decrease heart rate increase gut motility increase saliva dilates blood vessels in the skin constricts pupil
what is the function of the sympathetic nervous system
constricts blood vessels increase heart rate decrease gut motility release adrenaline from adrenal medulla dilates pupil
what type of outflow does the sns have
thoracolumbar
preganglionic axons leave between T1 & L3
what type of outflow does the psns have
craniosacral
preganglionic axons leave brain and sacral spinal cord
why are SNS preganglionic axons shorter than PSNS
the ganglia are located close to the spinal cord
its post ganglionic axons are longer
what are the functions of the skull
encloses & protects the brain attachment of muscles jaw for biting and chewing respiratory skeleton protects ear protects eye protects organ of smell
what does supraorbital fo transmit
supraorbital vessels and nerves
what does infraorbital fo transmit
infraorbital vessels and nerves
what does the mental fo transmit
mental vessels and nerves
what does the carotid canal transmit
internal carotid artery and carotid plexus
what does the stylomastoid fo transmit
facial n
what does jugular fo transmit
9, 10, 11 int jug vein
what does fo ovale transmit
v3
what does fo spinosum transmit
middle meningeal a
what does hypoglossal canal transmit
CN XII
what structures does brachial plexus supply
all upper limb structures
what structures does the cervical plexus supply
structures in the anterior and lateral regions of the neck
what is the structure of the autonomic nervous system
parasympathetic ns : brain and spinal cord (motor neurones)
sympathetic ns: thoracic & lumbar spinal cord
what vessel supplies deoxygenated blood from the lungs to the RV
pulmonary artery
what vessel supplies oxygenated blood from the lung to the LA
pulmonary vein
what vessel carries oxygenated blood to the left ventricle
aorta
what vessel supplies oxygenated blood to the liver
descending aorta
what vessel supplies deoxygenated blood to the RA
sup vena cava
