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Stage 1 > Neurobiology Theme 1 > Flashcards

Neurobiology Theme 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the basic divisions of the nervous system

A

central, peripheral & enteric

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2
Q

enteric ns

A

digestive tract

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3
Q

sympathetic ns

A

flight or fight response

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4
Q

parasympathetic ns

A

rest and digest, saliva hormone and acid production

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5
Q

grey matter

A

interprets signal

astroglia and microglia

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6
Q

white matter

A

transmits signal
myelinated axons
oligodendroglia
microglia

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7
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side

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8
Q

contralateral

A

opposite side

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9
Q

ascending

A

towards brain

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10
Q

descending

A

away from brain

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11
Q

afferent

A

sensory fibres going upi

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12
Q

efferent

A

motor fibres

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13
Q

function frontal lobe

A

problem solving

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14
Q

function parietal lobe

A

interprets signal (taste, smell, hearing, touch)

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15
Q

function occipital lobe

A

vision and visual perception

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16
Q

function of temporal lobe

A

memory

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17
Q

function of a-beta fibres in the teeth

A

respond to noxious stimuli with short sharp pain

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18
Q

what are c-fibres responsible for

A

unmyelinated (slow) dull, throbbing ache or burning pain, lasts long

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19
Q

what nerves involved involved when local anaesthesia is given

A

long buccal
inferior alveolar
lingual

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20
Q

what is bells palsy

A

sudden paralysis of facial muscles

unilateral

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21
Q

what nerves does freys syndrome affect

A

affects same parasympathetic nerves that stimulate parotid gland

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22
Q

what is peripheral sensation

A

when inflamed there is increased responsiveness (tooth aches) and stimulus of nociceptors more persistent and intense

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23
Q

what is central sensation

A

if second order neurones receive prolonged stimulus of nociceptive input it may become sensitised

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24
Q

what is neuralgia

A

damage to the nerve itself, short sharp pain

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25
Q

what is trigeminal neuralgia

A

affects CNV, short sharp pain similar to electrical shock. usually unilateral and isolated to one division of V

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26
Q

what is atypical pain

A

persistent facial pain that does not fulfil any other diagnosis

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27
Q

what is localised non odontogenic pain

A

non tooth pain, must be present for 3 months or more than 8hrs a day. can occur following extraction even though nerve/tooth is gone

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28
Q

what is the function of a delta fibres

A

respond to noxious stimuli with short sharp pain

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29
Q

what is intravenous sedation

A

midazolam, caused central nervous depression reducing anxiety and respiratory and heart rate

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30
Q

what is inhalation sedation

A

nitrous sedation, produces euphoric and anxiolytic effect and small amount of analgesia

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31
Q

what are astrocytes

A

glial cells in the brain and spinal cord

physical constituent of the blood brain barrier

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32
Q

what are microglial cells

A

immune cells of the cns, proliferate and migrate to the site of injury (phagocytic role)

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33
Q

what oligodendrocytes

A

type of glial cell that provides support and insulation to axons in the cns. main role is the production of the myelin sheath

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34
Q

what is the neocortex

A

newest cortex, including primary sensory cortex, primary motor cortex, and association cortex

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35
Q

what are the neuroglia cell type

A

predominant cell types within the ns but not directly involved in information processing
provide appropriate structural matrix and chemical environment for neurones

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36
Q

what is the cerebellum

A

large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills. it remembers complex motor tasks. operates at an entirely unconscious level

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37
Q

what 3 parts is the cerebellum split into

A

inferior, middle and superior cerebellar peduncles

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38
Q

what is the function of the peduncles

A

they carry nerve fibres between the medulla, pons and midbrain, respectively, and the cerebellum

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39
Q

where are the superior and inferior colliculi located

A

dorsal surface of the midbrain

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40
Q

what does the cerebellum consist of

A

outer layer of grey matter
cerebellar cortex
folia (parallel folds)

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41
Q

what does the brainstem consist of

A

midbrain pons medulla

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42
Q

what are the sulci on the brain

A

alleys/folds

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43
Q

whats are the gyri on the brain

A

humps

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44
Q

functional area of the frontal lobe

A

precentral gyrus- this contains the primary motor cortex which is the highest level in the brain for the control of movement

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45
Q

functional area of the parietal lobe

A

post central gyrus/primary somatosensory cortex- site of termination of pathways carrying modalities of touch, pressure, pain and temp from opposite side of body

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46
Q

functional area of the occipital lobe

A

visual cortex- in gyri above and below calcarine sulcus

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47
Q

functional area of the temporal lobe

A

auditory cortex/superior temporal gyrus- localised to the superior temporal gyrus

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48
Q

functional area of the limbic lobe

A

cingulate gyrus

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49
Q

what does the frontal gyri separate

A

runs front to back, divides into 3 separate gyri (sup, middle, inf) and then into precentral and post central gyrus

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50
Q

what is the location and function of the angular gyrus

A

region of the brain in the parietal lobe responsible for language, number processing, spatial cognition, memory retrieval, attention

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51
Q

what is location of central sulcus

A

first major sulcus running top to bottom from the longitudinal to lateral fissure

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52
Q

what is the location and function of parieto-occipital sulcus

A

medial surface of brain, separates parietal and occipital lobes

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53
Q

what is the location of pre-central sulcus

A

divides the pre-central gyrus from the rest of the frontal gyri

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54
Q

function of primary cortex

A

regions involved directly with motor/sensory input (movement or sensation)

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55
Q

function of association cortex

A

deal with more complex aspects of sensory and motor functions, higher order processing areas

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56
Q

function of thalamus

A

relays messages between lower brain centres and cerebral cortex

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57
Q

function of hypothalamus

A

brain region controlling the pituitary gland (homeostasis, appetite, releasing hormones etc.)

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58
Q

function of pituitary gland

A

releases hormones into the blood stream

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59
Q

function of corpus callosum

A

connects two hemispheres

60
Q

functional of longitudinal fissure

A

separates the 2 hemispheres which reaches the corpus callosum

61
Q

what are the 3 germ cell layers that become established by the 2nd week of human embryonic development

A

ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

62
Q

what does the ectoderm give rise to

A

skin and nervous system

63
Q

what does the endoderm give rise to

A

alimentary, respiratory and genitourinary tracts

64
Q

what is neuralation

A

process of formation of hte embryonic nervous system

65
Q

what occurs during the 3rd week of embryonic development

A

dorsal midline ectoderm undergoes thickening to form the neural plate

66
Q

how are neural folds formed

A

when the lateral margins of the neural plate become elevated on either side of the neural groove formed in the centre

67
Q

how is the neural tube formed

A

the neural folds fuse together sealing neural groove

68
Q

how is the neural crest formed

A

cells from apices of neural fold move away from the central part of the ns to form form groups lying dorsolateral to the spinal cord

69
Q

what does the rostral part of the neural tube form in the cns

A

brain

70
Q

what does the caudal portion of the neural tube form in the cns

A

spinal cord

71
Q

what does the central cavity in the neural tube form in the cns

A

centre canal of the spinal cord

ventricles of the brain

72
Q

what do the neural crests form

A

sensory ganglia of spinal and cranial nerves and the autonomic ganglia

73
Q

what are the derivatives of the neural crest

A

dorsal root ganglia, melanocytes, odontoblasts, parafollicular cells, thyroid, adrenal medulla, autonomic . ganglia, cartilages of trachea, schwann cells

74
Q

what occurs in neural tube defects (NTDs)

A

failure of closure of neural pores

75
Q

what is spina bifida (1) & anencephaly (2)

A

the most common neural tube defects where the fetal spinal column doesnt close completely (1) and most of the brain and skull do not develop (2)

76
Q

how can spina bifida and anencephaly be reduced

A

supplement of folic acid before conception and during the first trimester of pregnancy

77
Q

what does maternal alpha screen for

A

fetoprotein levels in the blood which are increased in neural tube defects

78
Q

how does folic acid help reduce NTDs

A

helps with the division of nerve cells and the formation and closure of neural tubes

79
Q

what does rostral mean

A

towards the anterior part of brain

80
Q

what does caudal mean

A

towards the posterior part of the brain

81
Q

what are the primary brain vesicles

A

prosencephalon (forebrain)
mesencephalon (midbrain)
rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

82
Q

what are the secondary vesicles of the forebrain

A

diencephalon - thalamus

telencephalon- cerebral hemisphere

83
Q

what are the secondary vesicles of the midbrain

A

mesencephalon (midbrain)

84
Q

what are the secondary vesicles of the hindbrain

A

metencephalon (pons, cerebellum)

myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)

85
Q

what is a haematopoetic stem cell

A

cells which originate from the bone marrow and form WBC and RBC- microglial cells

86
Q

what do embryonic cns stem cells differentiate into

A

glial progenitor (astrocytes & oligodendrocytes) and neuronal progenitor (nerve cells)

87
Q

what is the location and function of the premotor cortex

A

immediately anterior to the primary motor cortex in frontal lobe
programmes what we need to do to control movement

88
Q

what is the supplementary motor cortex

A

region of the premotor cortex on the medial surface of the hemisphere

89
Q

what is the primary somatosensory cortex

A

region in the parietal lobe

thalimocortical (third order) neurones terminate here. carry general sensation to a conscious level

90
Q

what happens of there is damage to the primary somatosensory cortex

A

damages the ability to feel pain and temp

91
Q

function of parietal association cortex

A

interpretation of general sensory information and conscious awareness of the contralateral half of the body

92
Q

location and function of primary auditory cortex

A

temporal lobe

conscious perception of sound

93
Q

location and function of the auditory association cortex - Wernike’s area

A

temporal lobe

processing and interpretation of auditory info- speech comprehension

94
Q

location and fucntion of Brocas area

A

frontal lobe- in the inferior frontal gyrus

motor speech area

95
Q

location of hippocampus

A

lies in floor of inferior horn of lateral ventricle in temporal lobe

96
Q

function of hippocampus

A

function in memory and emotional aspect of behaviour

97
Q

what is the amygdala

A

part of limbic system in temporal lobe

conscious appreciation of sense of smell

98
Q

location and function of primary visual cortex

A

occipital lobe at location of calcarine sulcus

visual perception

99
Q

location and function of visual association cortex

A

rest of occipital lobe

interpretation of visual images

100
Q

what would a lesion of the primary visual cortex cause

A

blindness in the corresponding part of the visual field

101
Q

what would damage to visual association cortexes cause

A

deficits in visual interpretation and recognition

102
Q

what are the two main blood circulations to the brain

A

carotid

vertebral

103
Q

what do the vertebral arteries supply

A

upper spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum and post part of the brain

104
Q

what do the int carotid arteries supply

A

brain

105
Q

what is the basilar artery formed by

A

2 vertebral arteries

106
Q

what are the branches of the vertebral artery

A

posterior inferior cerebellar artery
ant & post spinal artery
meningeal branches
medullary branches

107
Q

what are the branches of the basilar artery

A

anterior inferior cerebellar artery
pontine arteries
superior cerebellar arteries
posterior cerebral arteries (principle terminal br)

108
Q

what is the pathway of the basilar artery

A

ascends along the ventral aspect of the pons

ends at ponto-midbrain junction

109
Q

of which larger artery is the vertebral artery a branch

A

subclavian

110
Q

which fo. does the vertebral pass through in the spinal cord

A

fo. transversarium

111
Q

which fo. does the vertebral artery enter the cranial cavity

A

fo. magnum

112
Q

what do the posterior cerebral arteries supply

A

visual cortex of the occipital lobe & inferomedial aspect of the the temporal lobe (media l lateral and post parts of cerebrum)

113
Q

what do middle cerebral arteries supply

A

whole lateral surface of frontal, partietal and temporal lobes

114
Q

what do anterior cerebral arteries supply

A

frontal and parietal lobes

115
Q

what level does the common carotid bifurcate

A

C4

116
Q

through what fo does the carotid artery enter the brain

A

carotid canal

117
Q

once in the cranial cavity which sinus does the ICA pass through

A

cavernous sinus

118
Q

what branches does the ICA give rise to

A

opthalmic
anterior chordial
posterior communicating

119
Q

what are the two terminal br of ICA

A

anterior cerebral

middle cerebral

120
Q

what does the meningeal br of the vertebral artery supply

A

falx cerebelli, a sheet of dura matter

121
Q

what do ant & post spinal arteries supply

A

spinal cord spanning length

122
Q

what does the posterior inferior cerebellar artery supply

A

cerebellum

123
Q

what is the circle of willis

A

where terminal br of vertebral and ICA anastomose to form circular blood vessels

124
Q

what are the main paired constituents of the circle of willis

A

ant cerebral arteries
int carotid arteries
post cerebral arteries
ant & post communicating arteries

125
Q

what are the 3 main arteries supplying the cortex

A

posterior, middle and anterior cerebral

126
Q

what are ventricles

A

‘cavities’ in the brain formed by neural tubes

127
Q

what is contained in ventricles

A

cerebrospinal fluid

128
Q

what is cerebrospinal fluid produced by

A 
choroid plexus (70%) 
ependymal cells (30%)
129
Q

what is the function of CSF

A

removes waste metabolites
allows the brain to ‘float’
protective
provides stable ionic enviro

130
Q

how many lateral ventricles are there

A

2

one in each hemisphere

131
Q

what is the 3rd ventricle

A

midline, slit-like cavity with its lateral walls consisting if the thalamus and hypothalamus

132
Q

how are the 3rd and 4th ventricle connected

A

by the cerebral aqueduct which underlies the cerebellum

133
Q

what is the pathway for CSF flow

A

choroid plexus secretes csf in lateral ventricle
increase in pressure so csf flow into 3rd ventricle via interventricular fo.
flows from 3rd into 4th ventricle via cerebral aqueduct
csf leaves ventricular system via 3 apertures of 4th ventricle & enters subarachnoid space
csf absorbed into the venous system through arachnoid villi

134
Q

what is the CSF composed of

A

small amounts of protein, glucose, ions (ca, k, na, cl, mg)

135
Q

what does the ventricular system consist of

A

lateral ventricle
3rd ventricle
cerebral aqueduct and fourth ventricle

136
Q

how does the lateral ventricle communicate with the third ventricle

A

via the interventricular foramen within the 3rd ventricle

137
Q

what does each ventricle contain that secretes CSF

A

choroid plexus

138
Q

what would be the implications of an occlusion in the anterior cerebral arteries

A

contralateral hemiparesis affecting leg more than arm
grasp reflex and motor dysphasia
cognitive changes
personality changes

139
Q

what would be the implications of an occlusion in the middle cerebral arteries

A

Total Anterior Circulation Stroke (TACS)
contralateral hemiparesis and sensory loss of a cortical type
dysphasia if lesion in dominant hemisphere

140
Q

what would be the implications of an occlusion in the posterior cerebral arteries

A

Visual hallucinations, visual agnosias

The vital memory structures are supplied from the posterior cerebral artery

141
Q

what would be the implications of an occlusion in the basilar artery

A

locked in syndrome

pons affected

142
Q

what is derived from the telencephalon

A

cerebral hemisphere

lateral venetricles

143
Q

what is derived from the diencephalon

A

thalamus

third ventricle

144
Q

what is derived from the mesencephalon

A

midbrain

aqueduct

145
Q

what is derived from the metencephalon

A

pons and cerebellum

upper part of the 4th ventricle

146
Q

what is derived from the myelencephalon

A

medulla

lower part of fourth ventricle

Stage 1 (21 decks)

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