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Neuroendocrine Exam 3 > The Visual System > Flashcards

The Visual System Flashcards

1
Q

Pathway for light

A

Light-> to posterior chamber-> through all layers of the retina by the bipolar cells included-> back to layer 2 of the retina by ganglionic cells-> brain LGN of thalamus-> primary visual cortex and the calcarine sulcus

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2
Q

Three layers of the eye

A

Fibrous Layer: external layer, SCLERA and CORNEA
Vascular Layer: CHOROID, CILIARY BODY, IRIS
Retina: inner sensory layer, OPTIC NERVE

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3
Q

Fibrous Layer: Sclera and cornea

A
  1. Sclera: fibrous external layer- protection and extraocular muscles insertion anteriorly
    type 1 collagen, Dense Regular CT, some vasculature
  2. Cornea: transparent and avascular (can be injured and fixed)
    a. Corneal epithelium- nonkaratinized strat. squamous
    b. Anterior limiting membrane (Bowman Membrane)- BM of the corneal epithelium
    c. Thick Stroma - keratocytes
    d. Posterior limiting membrane (Descemet’s Membrane)- BM for the endothelium layer
    e. Inner endothelium
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4
Q

The Limbus

A

Transition from the cornea to the sclera.
This is the end of the bowman membrane
This is the start of the conjunctiva (anterior sclera and lines eyelids)
Has stem cells that move to the corneal epithelium

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5
Q

Vascular Layer (uvea): choroid

A
  1. Choroid: loose CT, high vascularized, many MELANOCYTES, where light that is not reflected off the retina goes
    dark layer- prevent light from entering eye except through pupil
    bruch membrane- Basal lamina for retina pigment layer (anterior boundary for the choroid)
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6
Q

Vascular Layer (uvea): ciliary body

A
  1. Ciliary Body: shape of LENS, ciliary muscels, processes, zona
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7
Q

Vascular Layer (uvea): Iris

A
  1. Iris: makes the pupil in the middle, outer boundary of the lens
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8
Q

Retina: makes the optic cup

A
  1. Outer Pigment Epithelium layer- simple cuboidal (surrounds the neuronal layer)
  2. Inner Neural Layer- think strat. with many neurons and photoreceptors (10 LAYERS)
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9
Q

optic disk

A

blind spot

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10
Q

fovea

A

highest acuity vision, highest amount of cones

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11
Q

Peripheral retina including the ora serrata

A

high rods

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12
Q

Pigmented Epithelium layer

A

surrounds the neural layer

  1. absorbs scattered light: helping choroid
  2. Isomerize all-trans -> 11- cis and takes it back to the photoreceptors
  3. Phagocytosis of waste form photoreceptors
  4. Remove free radicals and secretes ATP
  5. immunomodulatory factors
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13
Q

Neuronal Retina 10 layers

A

LIGHT–>through all layer to the bottom layer

  1. Pigmented Layer
  2. Rods and Cones outer segments
  3. Outer Limiting Layer: hold photoreceptors to müller cells
  4. Outer Nuclear Layer- rods and cones cell bodies
  5. Outer Plexiform Layer: fiber/axons of R/C–> Bipolar Cells
  6. Inner Nuclear Layer: Bipolar Cells
  7. Inner Plexiform Layer: fiber/axons of Bipolar cells –> Ganglionic Cells
  8. Ganglionic Layer: Ganglionic cell bodies (thicker in the center of the retina)
  9. Nerve Fibre Layer: Ganglionic axons that go to OPTIC DISC and converge to form CN1
  10. Inner Limiting Membrane: BM covered by Müller cell processes
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14
Q

Rods Inner Segment

A

Inner Segment= glycogen, mitochondria, polyribosomes, to make proteins for cells

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15
Q

Rods Outer Segments

A

Outer Segment= primary cilium, photosensitive, has flattened membranous discs

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16
Q

Rods Outer Segments - DISCS

A

Has rhodopsin
continuously shed and replaced
old disc= pushed superficially to be shed and digested by PE

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17
Q

Cones

A

color vision if there is adequate bright light
has 3 types of IODOPSIN
Red, Green, Blue
discs are shed not as often

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18
Q

Specialized area of the Retina - FOVEA CENTRALIS

A

highest cones, 20/20 acuity, in the center of the retina
as you move peripherally the acuity becomes more 20/600

HAS NO BVS, Cell bodies/Axons of the Ganglionic and Inner Nuclear Layer (bipolar cells)

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19
Q

Specialized area of the Retina - MACULA LUTEA

A

surrounds fovea for protection of cones

uv filter and antioxidant

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20
Q

Specialized area of the Retina - Optic Disc

A

Head of the optic Nerve,

only ganglionic axons, BLIND SPOT

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21
Q

Specialized area of the Retina - Optic Nerve

A

Axons of the ganglionic cells, get myelinated when they pass through the sclera
go to brain

22
Q

Visual Field

A

what I see when both eyes are looking in a direction

  1. Binocular Zone= broad central region (both eyes)
  2. Monocular Zone= seen by only one eye
23
Q

Retinal Field

A

object projected in the retina in the reverse way both laterally and vertically

24
Q

Lesions in the visual system

A

described using the visual filed deficiency

25
Q

LEFT HALF OF VISUAL FIELD is from what

A

left nasal hemifield and right temporal hemifield

26
Q

RIGTH HALF OF VISUAL FIELD is from what

A

right nasal, left temporal

27
Q

What lets us have depth perception

A

the decussation of at the optic chiasm
OPTIC TRACT: after the optic nerve has crossed- temporal halves (same side)+ nasal halves (opposite visual field side) which travel to the LGN

28
Q

Opitc Tract

A

goes around cerebral peduncle to LGN in a retinotopic pattern and go to the primary visual cortex as optic radiations

29
Q

Temporal Retina

A

go to SAME LGN

30
Q

Nasal Retina

A

go to OPPOSITE LGN

31
Q

RIGHT Visual FIELD goes to which side of LGN

A

LEFT LGN

Right nasal + Left Temporal —>Left

32
Q

LEFT Visual FIELD goes to which side of the LGN

A

RIGTH LGN

Left nasal + Right Temporal—->Right

33
Q

optic radiations

A

from LGN to primary visual cortex, where the retinotopic organization is maintained

34
Q

where in the primary visual cortex

A

the upper bank (cuneus gyrus) and lower bank (Lingual gyrus) of the Calcarine Sulcus

35
Q

Lower Quadrant of visual field side (upper part of object)

A

OPPOSITE and Superior bank (CUNEUS GYRI)

36
Q

Lower Quadrant of visual field side (upper part of object)

A

OPPOSITE and V1 Superior bank (CUNEUS GYRI)

37
Q

Upper Quadrant of visual field side (bottom part of object)

A

loops around the Meyer loop to the OPPOSITE and V1 Inferior bank (LINGUAL GYRI)

38
Q

something you see on the upper right quadrant of an object

A

go to the lower left visual cortex

39
Q

something you see on the upper right quadrant of an object

A

go to the lower left visual cortex

loops around the Meyers loop if from the upper quadrant

40
Q

Superior Colliculus

A

DIRECTS EYE MOVEMENT visual reflex causes head to turn

41
Q

Pretectal Area

A

unconscious responses, PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEX

42
Q

Hemianopia

A

blindness in 1/2 of the visual field

43
Q

Quadrantanopia

A

blindness in a quadrant of the VF

44
Q

Homonymous Visual Fields

A

VF loss is the same on both eyes

45
Q

Heteronymous visual fields

A

VF losses are different in both eyes

46
Q

Macular Sparing

A

VS loss that still keeps the vision in the center of the visual field
uncommon

47
Q

optic tract and optic radiation lesions

CONGRUOUS or INCONGRUOUS

A
  1. Congruous= VF loss in one eye is superimposed on the other eye (symmeterical)
    more posterior closer to the visual cortex lesions
  2. Incongruous= VF loss in one eye can not be superimposed on the other eye
    more anterior closer to the optic tract and optic radiation lesion
48
Q

Damage to the anterior chiasm effecting only the SAME eye

A

Congruous

49
Q

Damage at chiasm causes heteronymous deficits

A

Incongruous

50
Q

damage behind the chiasm causes homonymous deficits

A

Congruous

51
Q

PCA Damage can cause

A

Left occipital lobe or posterior corpus callosum damage
=language is disconnected from vision
patient is unable to name or describe any object
However, recognizes and can use the object
= can also effect writing and reading

Neuroendocrine Exam 3 (18 decks)

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