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Neuroendocrine Exam 3 > Histology of Endocrine Organs > Flashcards

Histology of Endocrine Organs Flashcards

1
Q

Humoral Stimuli

A

H release stimulated by ion and nutrients in the blood Ex: low Ca+2 causes PTH release

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2
Q

Neuronal Stimuli

A

H. Released by nerve signal Ex: sympathetic nerves stimulate E release

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3
Q

Hormonal Stimuli

A

H. release due to another H. Ex: TSH causes release oh TH

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4
Q

Endocrine glands have what kind of cells, are the vascularized

A

Epithelioid cells ( no free surface) High vascularized with finest rated endothelium

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5
Q

Direct Targets of Hypothalamic H.

A

AP (can inhibit it) Kidney and uterus (ADH and Oxytocin from PP) Adrenal Medulla (stimulate sympathetic nerves to it)

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6
Q

Indirect Targets of Hypo

A

Tropic H.s released by Hypo go to AP This causes the AP to secrete H.s that effect the Thyroid, adrenal, mammary, gonads, Bone

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7
Q

Pituitary is from what origin

A

Ectodermal, in the Sephnoid bone Rathke’s pouch= AP Diencephalon= Infundibulum +PP

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8
Q

3 parts of the AP

A

Pars Tuberalis Pars intermedia Pars Distalis

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9
Q

2 parts of PP

A

Infundibular stalk Pars nervosa

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10
Q

Cell type of the AP

A

Somatotropic cells= GH Thyropropic cells= TSH Corticotropic cells= ACTH- adrenal cortex production of stress H.s, and MSH -melanocytes production on melanin Gonadotropic cells= FSH and LH Mammotropic cells= prolactin ——> milk production + immune

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11
Q

Acidophils (pars Distalis)

A

Somatotrophs Mammotrophs Red taking up EOSIN

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12
Q

Basophils (pars Distalis)

A

Corticotrophs Thyrotrophs Gonadotrophs Dark stained with HEMATOXYLIN

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13
Q

Chromophobes (pars Distalis)

A

Stained white, don’t like any stain = no function

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14
Q

(Pars nervosa)

A

Continuous with median eminence of hypo stalk = infundibulum stalk DOES NOT MAKE H.s , just stores and releases 1. Hypothalamic N. (Unmyelinated) (make O and ADH) = Herring bodies where the Ns go to in the PP 2. Pituicytes support cells 3. Fenestrated capillaries (likeAP)

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15
Q

Herring Bodies

A

Picture

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16
Q

Hypothalamic- Hypophyseal Portal System For AP

A

A—> caps——> V——> caps——> V How H.s are released into the AP 1. Hypo neurons release H. To the primary capillary plexus 2. Travel to the AP and release H. 3. AP secretes H.s to the Secondary cap plexus

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17
Q

Hypothalamic- Hypophyseal Portal System For PP

A

NON-PORTAL, only 1 capillary bed involved which is in the PP 1. Hypo neurons make Oxytocin and ADH (supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus) 2. ADH and O are transported down the axon into the PP 3. ADH and O are stored in the Herring Bodies 4 . Hypo N fire and the ADH and O are released form the bodies

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18
Q

ADH

A

Kidney for Na+ and H2O retention

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19
Q

Oxytocin

A

Uterus for contraction + lactation, sexual arousal, social bonding

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20
Q

Pineal gland

A

Roof of 3rd ventricle Growth/ development + circadian rhythm Make melatonin and serotonin IS RESPONDING TO LIGHT hitting the retina At early childhood: Ca+2 crystals form

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21
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

Has follicles simple cuboidal Surrounded by colloid = thyroglobulin stored [T3+T4] Controls basal metabolism, O2 usage, body temp

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22
Q

How TH is made

A
  1. TRH, TSH, TH—-> makes Thyroglobulin in RER, glycosylated in Golgi, and excreted into lumen (colloid) 2. Thyroglobulin gets iodinated into t3 and t4 3. TSH causes degradation of Thyroglobulin by taking it in the follicle 4. T3 and T4 are released to blood
23
Q

Parafollicular C Cells

A

Around the follicles of the thyroid gland Secrete CALCITONIN, when Ca+2 is HIGH = increase kidney secretion of Ca+2, increase osteoblasts, decrease osteoclasts

24
Q

Grave’s disease

A

Over active thyroid Abnormal Abs bind to TSH R. Causing permanent TH stimulation Sx: high metabolism, sweating high HR, weight loss, eyeballs protrude (due to high fat deposition behind the eye)

25
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Low T3 and T4 Sx: low metabolic rate, weight gain, tired, cold edema, metal sluggish

26
Q

Goiters

A

Enlarged thyroid, due to LOW IODINE Thyroglobulin can’t iodinate to make T3 and T4 So there is HIGH Thyroglobulin made and HIGH TSH

27
Q

Parathyroid Glands And its 2 cell types

A

Behind thyroid Release PTH, regulates Ca+2 and P 1. Chief cells: release PTH, when Ca+2 is low 2. Oxyphil cells: can also sense Ca+2 levels

28
Q

PTH

A

Bone: bind to osteoblasts ——> release RANKL——> bind osteoclasts to stimulate them Kidney: reabsorb Ca+, and covert inactive VITD-> active VITD GI: active VITD absorbs more Ca+2

29
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

above kidney Has cortex (Zona glomerulosa (secretary cells), zone fascicularis, zone reticularis) and medulla (Out to in)

30
Q

Zona glomerulosa

A

For MINERALCORTIcoIds= ALDOSTERONE Influence Na and K levels To increase BP

31
Q

Zona fascicularis

A

GLUCOCORtICOIDS = CORTISOL[form ACTH stimulation] Influence glucose metabolism + anti inflammatory system Stress and glucose metabolism and

32
Q

Zona Reticularis

A

ANDROGENS = estrogen, testosterone, progesterone Secondary Sex characteristics

33
Q

Medulla of the adrenal gland

A

Large clusters of CHROMAFFIN CELLS Sympathetic N.s go to stimulate chromaffin cells secretes E and NE Fight or flight

34
Q

Addison’s Disease

A

Hyposecretion of GLUCOCORTICOIDS and MINERALCORTICOIDS * AP failure, low cortisol, HIGH ACTH Hypoglycemia, hypotension, dehydrated, loss of appetite Hyperpigmentation

35
Q

Crushing’s syndrome

A

Hypersecretion of cortisol (GLUCOCORTICOIDS) due to AP or Ad. Cortex tumor = high ACTH = used to make HIGH cortisol Hyperglycemia, HTN, degraded muscle, depressed immune Weight gain, swollen face, buffalo hump

36
Q

Pancreas EXOCRINE

A

H made are transported in a duct to the GI Organized into acini, serous and mucous

37
Q

Endocrine Pancreas And its 4 cells

A

Cells organized into clusters = Pancreatic ISLETS ISLETS OF LANGERHANS 1. Alpha cells: GLUCAGON =red 2. Beta cells: INSULIN =green 3. Delta cells: SOMATOSTATIN ——I insulin and glucagon, regulates nutrients 4. F-cells: PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE——I somatostatin- regulate appetite

38
Q

Pancreatic Blood Supply Insuloacinar portal system

A

Supplies islet of langerhans ——> pancreatic acini (for local islet H. actions on acini) Connects the islets to the acini

39
Q

Pancreatic Blood Supply Acinar Vascular System

A

Independent artery supplying the acini Only the acini

40
Q
A
41
Q
A

Endocrine Gland with endocrine epitheliod cells around some vasculature

42
Q
A

Pars Distalis

and the cells types acidic and basilic

GH and prolactin=acid

ACTH, FSH/LH, TSH= basic

43
Q
A

Pars nervosa

44
Q
A

Pineal Gland

45
Q
A

Pineal gland

46
Q
A

Thyroid Gland

47
Q
A

Parafollicular cells

48
Q
A

Parathyroid

49
Q
A
50
Q
A
51
Q
A
52
Q
A
53
Q
A

Pancreas

exocrine acini and endocrine islets

54
Q
A

Pancreas cells

Neuroendocrine Exam 3 (18 decks)

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