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Neuroendocrine Exam 3 > Physiology of the Auditory and Vestibular Systems Dr. Pierce > Flashcards

Physiology of the Auditory and Vestibular Systems Dr. Pierce Flashcards

1
Q

Auditory System

A

Detects sound to locate and identify sound source

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2
Q

Sound

A

Oscillation of air pressure

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3
Q

Amplitude

A

Sound pressure or intensity (dB)

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4
Q

Frequency

A

Number of oscillations or air pressure per second (Hz)

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5
Q

High Frequencies

A

At the base of the membrane structure of cochlea by the oval window

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6
Q

Low Frequency

A

At the Apex of the cochlea (Helicotrema) rather away from the oval window
(Wider and for flexible)

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7
Q

The frequency of sound is coded by

A

Where along the basilar membrane there is the greatest deflection

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8
Q

Hair Cells

A

Polarized epithelial cells with basal side synapsing with nerve and apical cell with actin steriocilia

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9
Q

Endolymph is found where

A

In the Cochlear Duct and Membraneous Labyrinth, Scala Media and produced by Stria Vascularis. Bathes the Apical side of hair cells where the steriocilia is
K+

Low Na+

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10
Q

Perilymph is found where

A

Scala Vestibuli and Scala Tympani, bathes the basal end of hair cells
NA+

Low K+

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11
Q

Deflection steriocilia causes

A

K+ influx

This depolarizes the hair cell which opens the CA+ channels (TRPA1) to increase more positive cations in the cell
NTS (GLUTAMATE) of hair cell is released

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12
Q

Hair cell at rest vs active

A

Hair cell at rest has a slow only continuous APs

When depolarized there is a higher frequency of many APs

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13
Q

Steriocilia bend away from biggest one

A

K+ channels close, hyperlpolarization, Ca+ does not enter since TRPA1 closes

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14
Q

Stria Vascularis

A

Makes Endolymph high in K+ and is highly vascular
= forms Blood-Labyrinth-Barrier where drugs can enter to access the inner hair cells
Some are detrimental due to disrupt the high potential in the endolymph of +80mV

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15
Q

Inner hair cells

A

Primary source of auditory deflection

Which goes to the audition you system

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16
Q

Outer Hair Cells

A

Arranged in 3 rows
Acts as an amplifier front the basilar membrane
Does this by contracting when activated which amplifies the basilar membrane

17
Q

Olivochochlear Efferents

A

From the Superior Olivary Complex causing the outer hair cells to contract causing the motion in the basilar membrane causing amplification of sound——> through oval window ->tympanic membrane
(Sound that is form the inside)

Branches off the Olivochoclear efferents
Medial Olivary Complex: innervate the outer hair cells
Lateral Olivary Complex: innrevate the inner hair cells

18
Q

Otoacoustic Emissions

A

Done to infants to test inner and middle ears
These are the sounds made form the olivoacustic efferents and this test listens to make sure emissions are there when they are evoked by pulsing sound in the ear = normal hearing

Can be spontaneous in 1/3 people

From outer hair cells in middle ear constricting

19
Q

Auditory chain STEP 1: Dorsal Cochlear Nuclei and Ventral Cochlear Nuclei

A

Comes form the cochlea to the Medulla (DCN and VCN)
DCN= integrates acoustic information with the somatosensory information
VCN= processes the temporal and spectral features of the sound (high or low sounds)

BASIC LEVEL PROCESSING

20
Q

Auditory chain STEP 2: Superior Olivary Complex
MSO
LSO

A

Form the medulla ——-> (GLUTAMATE) excitatory comes to the SON
Info from both ears converge here = TO LOCALIZE SOUND

Medial SON (MSO): generates map of TIME DIFFERENCE between the two ears hearing to find location of the sound

Lateral SON (LSO): generates map of INTENSITY DIFFERENCE between the two ears to find location of the sound

21
Q

Auditory chain STEP 3: Inferior Colliculus

A

Suppresses echo sounds ,
Which interfere with finding location of sound
adds TIME + INTENSITY difference
=find the final localization of sound

22
Q

Auditory chain STEP 4: The Medial Geniculate Nucleus

A

Relay station of auditory info to cortex

Many conversions of spectral (intensity) and temporal (time) pathways = allows us to process speech inflections when someone talks

23
Q

Auditory chain STEP 5: Primary Auditory Cortex

A

IS TONOTOPIC
Conscious perception of sound (begin to interpret sound)
Higher order processing of sound (LOUDness, Modulation of volume, frequency of modulation)

24
Q

TONOTOPIC FEATURES OF PRIMARY AUDITORY CORTEX

A

More rostral area (anterior)= low frequency -apex of cochlea

More caudal area (posterior)= higher frequency -base of cochlea

25
Q

Auditory (Secondary) Association Cortex

A

Broca’s and Wernicke’s area
More complex sounds responses to music undulations
Identify or name sounds, and speech

26
Q

Lateral OC (LOC)

A

Going to inner hair cells don’t directly go to them

27
Q

Other Olivochoclear Efferents in protecting the ear

A

=Can freeze the outer hair cells from contracting to dampen the sound and make sure the basilar membrane doesn’t move
=Also decreases inner hair cells from responses

28
Q

Middle Ear Efferents in protecting the ear

A

Motor innervation to the tensor tympani to (malleus, and Tympanic Membrane) and to the Stapedius to (Stapes)
= tensing and contracting the muscles to keep the malleus and stapes to not move
= work at low frequency to improve hearing them: to help with speech discrimination
= work at high frequency: to protect the hair cells

29
Q

Tinnitus

A

Constant Ringing in the ear

Due to Middle Ear Efferents being damaged

30
Q

Autonomics to protect the ear

A

Innervation to ear can come from
1. CN 8
2. Caroticotympanic Nerve form the Superiro Cervical Ganglion——> mucus glands of the tympanum and the Ear drum BVs and components
3, Acoustic Nerve (Sympathetic)——> BVs in cochlea

Make sure blood in flowing to the parts of the ears, can be maintained of increased by OMM

31
Q

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

A

Form noise, toxins, age, or unknown
Due to Damage to hair cells, or nerve fibers
(MOST COMMON FOR OUTER HAIR CELLS, of the BASE of COCHLEA)
1. Damage to outer hair: decreased sensitivity to sound (broader tuning)
2. Damage to the inner hair: to sound input to the CNS

Cochlear prosthesis= can restore some hearing

32
Q

Cochlear Prosthesis

A

An electrode wire is placed through the cochlea and gets stimulated by the frequencies it should stimulate the basilar membrane with and signals surviving hair cells by bypassing damaged areas

33
Q

Anterior Semicircular Canal

A

Rotation of vertical axis forward

Falling forward

34
Q

Horizontal Semicircular Canal

A

Rotation on horizontal plane like spinning in circle

35
Q

Posterior Semicircular Canal

A

Rotation of vertical axes backwards

Falling backwards

36
Q

Utricle

A

Linear acceleration forwards and back

Running forwards or backwards

37
Q

Saccule

A

Linear Acceleration up and down

Jumping up to dunk a basketball

Neuroendocrine Exam 3 (18 decks)

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