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Neuroendocrine Exam 3 > Hypothalamus and Limbic System > Flashcards

Hypothalamus and Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

Location of the Hypothalamus
And part of what anatomically
Part of what functionally

A

Inferior to the Thalamus and forms the walls and floor of the 3rd ventricle
The Diencephalon
The Limbic System

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2
Q

The Hypothalamus regulates what

A
  1. Basic drives (motivation, goal directed behavior, emotional behavior)
  2. Homeostasis, ANS, and endocrine function (food intake, body temp., electrolytes balance, sexual behavior, sleep/wake cycle)
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3
Q 
The Hypothalamus:
Anterior  (rostral)
Posterior  (Caudal)
Floor and wall of 
Continuous with
A

Optic Chaism
Merges into the tegmentum and PAG (midbrain)
3rd ventricle
Through the infundibular stalk with the posterior Pituitary

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4
Q

3 Parts of the Hypothalamus

A
  1. Mammillary Bodies
  2. Tuber Cinereum
  3. Median Eminence
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5
Q

Mammillary Bodies

A

Posterior part of hypo. Next to the cerebral peduncles (bulb)

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6
Q

Tuber cinereum

A

Small swelling between the mammillary body and the optic chiasm and the tract

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7
Q

Median Eminence

A

Arises from the tuber cinereum and narrows into the the infundibulum which attaches to the PP

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8
Q

The Medial Zone

Anterior Zone

A

Anterior Area:

  1. Paraventricular Nucleus
  2. Preoptic Nucleus
  3. Anterior Nucleus
  4. Superaoptic Nucleus
  5. Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
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9
Q

The Medial Zone

Middle/ Tuberal Area

A
  1. Arcuate Nucleus
  2. Ventromedial Nucleus
  3. Dorsomedial Nucleus
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10
Q

The Medial Zone:

Posterior Area

A

Posterior Area:

  1. Posterior Nucleus
  2. Mammillary Body
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11
Q

Lateral Zone:

A

diffusely arranged neurons
Median Forebrain Bundle (sends info to and from the hypo.)
Damage can cause (decrease in feeding, weight loss)

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12
Q

Supraoptic/paraventricular Nucleus
Function
Lesion

A 
Contains oxytocin (PVN) & ADH (SON) = goes to PP
Lesion: Diabetes Insipidus- high H2O intake and high urination
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13
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
Function
Lesion

A

Gets input from retina and helps with sleep and wake cycle (circadian rhythm)
Lesion: change or loose Circadian rhythm

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14
Q

Anterior Nucleus

A

Visceral and Somatic Functions and Temperature Regulation

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15
Q

Ventromedial Nucleus
Function
Lesions

A

“Satiety center”

Lesion: excessive eating and weight gain

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16
Q

Dorsomedial Nucleus
Function
Lesion

A

Serves emotional behavior, (sham rage)

Lesion: low aggression and feeding

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17
Q

Arcuate Nucleus

Function

A

Secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones

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18
Q

Medial Mammillary Nucleus
Function
Lesion

A

AFFERENTS= to the hippo. by the (Fornix)
EFFERENTS=to the thalamus and brainstem
Lesion: no short-term memory, can’t process short term events= no long term memory

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19
Q

Blood Supply to hypothalamus comes form

A

Circle of Willis

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20
Q

Anteriomedial group of branches from the Circle of Willis
Come from where
Supply what

A 
From the Ant. Communicating A. And ACA (A1)
Goes to the 
1 preoptic area, 
2 supraoptic region, 
3 septal nuclei, and 
4 rostral part of lateral hypothalamus
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21
Q

Posteromedial group of branches from the Circle of Willis
Come from where
Supply what

A

Posterior Communicating A and PCA (P1)
Rostral part of Post. Communicating A -> Tuberal Region (middle zone)
Caudal part of Post. Communicating A-> Mammillary Region. (Posterior zone )

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22
Q

Fornix connects

A

Hippocampal fibers form the to the Mammillary Bodies

Brings information form the hippocampus to its mammillary bodies

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23
Q

Stria Terminalis an Ventral amygdalofugal fibers connects

A

Amygdala to Hypothalamus

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24
Q

Corticohypothalamic input connects

A

Orbitofrontal & cingulate areas &multiple association areas, frontal lobe—-> Lateral Zone of the Hypothalamus

25
Q

Retinohypothalamic fibers connects

A

Retina to the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) form sleep wake cycles

26
Q

Median Forebrain Bundle (MFB) and Dorsal Longitudinal Fasciculus (DLF)
Sends to where

A

From the hypothalamus and to the hypothalamus also
Form hypo GOES TO PAG and RF ——>
1. Hypothalamomedullary fibers
2. Hypothalamospinal fibers
3. Medial zone and mammillary bodies (posterior zone)
TO REGULATE EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOR

27
Q

Hypothalamocortical fibers

A

From the hypothalamus GOES TO the forebrain FRONTAL LOBE

28
Q

Mammillothalamic Tract

A

From the Hypo GOES TO anterior nucleus of Thalamus (which sends info to the frontal lobe)

29
Q

Lateral Zone fibers

A

From the Hypothalamus GOES TO Dorsomedial nucleus of Thalamus (which sends information to the frontal lobe)

30
Q

Hypohypophyseal interaction

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

31
Q

Supraopticohypophyseal Tract

A

Axons from the SON and PVN (supraoptic and paraventricular)——> PP (Herring bodies),
Release oxytocin and ADH in the herring bodies that are surrounded by capillary plexuses inside which send H to blood stream

32
Q

Tuberoinfundibular Tract

A

Axons from PVN and paraventricular zone ——> AP (median eminence and infundibulum) where the Hs are released on these cells
These cells then secrete H out to the blood stream

33
Q

ANS is regulated by what parts of hypothalamus

A

Anterior and Posterior areas

34
Q

Anterior Area of Hypothalamus (ANS)

A

Activates PARASYMPATHETIC NEURONS (REST AND DIGEST)
Goes to brainstem with CN3, 7, 9, 10 (parasympathetic)
Goes to S2-S4 with spinal neurons

35
Q

Posterior Area of Hypothalamus (PNS)

A

Activates SYMPATHETIC neurons (FIGHT OR FLIGHT)
Goes to T1-L2 lateral horn as sympathetic neurons
Ex: hypothalamomedullary fibers: sympathetic outflow to face and head from the medulla

36
Q

Lesion in the anterolateral medulla

A

Disrupts the hypothalamomedullary fibers
HORNERS SYNDROME
Sympathetic fibers to face and head and body is disrupted
(Dilated pupil, anhydrosis)

37
Q

SCN
Gets input from
Mediates
Function

A

From the retina
Circadian rhythm and the hormonal fluctuations of dark/light cycles
OPPOSE SLEEP for timing of rest vs activity

38
Q

How are circadian genes controlled

A

Transcribed and translated every 24hrs——> control melatonin release from PINEAL GLAND——-> SLEEP ONSET

Feedbacks to the SCN

39
Q

Limbic System
Includes
Gets input from
Function

A
  1. Subcallosal Area
  2. Parahippocampal gyrus
    3.Cingulate Gyrus
  3. Hippocampal formation
  4. Subcortical Nuclei (hippo., Amygdala, septal nuclei)
    6.Uncus
    Input from diverse areas of Brian
    For MEMORY, PAIN PERCEPTION BEHAVIOR
    —-> led to Pepez circuit
40
Q

Paper Circuit

A

First description of anatomicaophyologic mechanism for emotion
How to tie our memory and emotions to behavior
We eat the food we like, and how to see exactly what brain area is involved with that

41
Q

Hypothalamus +Limbic System

A

anatomical basis for emotional and drive-related, and motivation behavior

42
Q

Hippocampal Formation

A 
Learning and memory 
In temporal lobe is curved formation 
1. Subiculum
2. Hippocampus proper (ammon horn)
3. dentate gyrus 
4. Parahippocampal gyrus (entorhinal cortex) overlies all the other ones
43
Q

Hippocampal formation Afferent pathway

A

Dentate gyrus —-> CA3 —-> CA1—->Subiculum

CA= cormus ammonis (horn)

44
Q

Hippocampal Formation Efferents pathway

A

fibers from cell bodies in the subiculum CA2 and hippocampus proper CA1—-> fornix as the fimbria ——> mammillary bodies, VMN, Anterior (dorsal) nucleus of thalamus

45
Q

Uncal Herniation

A

due to hemorrhage or tumors
Uncus and parahippocampal gyrus move down over the tentorium cerebelli edge —-> compresses the midbrain and later other Brian stem areas
CAUSES: dilated pupils, X CN3, SAME SIDE
OPPOSITE weak Extremities
If continued you have loss of reflex, resp. And rapid decline

46
Q

Korsakoff Syndrome

A

Degeneration of the mammillary bodies, DMN, Hippocampal complex
NO LONG-TERM MEMORY made form short term
Can’t learn new tastes, and have meaningful conversations, CONFABULATES (makes up random events that never happened from combining random memories)
Thiamine deficiency of chronic alcoholics

47
Q

Hippocampal Amnesia

A

Bilaterally lesions of hippocampus
X: anterograde episodic memory (can’t learn new tasks)
CAN STILL have procedural and working memory (short-term) and IQ and formal reasoning is still fairly normal

48
Q

Olfactory Disorders due to the hypothalamus:

Anosmia

A

X: smell due to viral infection of olfactory mucosa or obstruction of nasal passages (CN1 lesions, anterior cranial fossa tumor), or congenital
(Don’t recover sence of smell)

49
Q

Olfactory Disorders due to the hypothalamus:

Phantomia (olfactory hallucination)

A

Distortion in a smell experience and smelling something when there is no odor present
Abnormal neural activity
ANTERIOR, MEDIAL Temporal lobe lesions (Hippo, amygdala, medial dorsal thalamus)

50
Q

Amygdala

A

Reward, emotional learning and memory, fear and conditioning
Makes an emotional attachment,
Response to stimulus like pain
Emotional response to food

51
Q

Amygdala input

A

From the raphe nuclei, PAG, CN10 motor nuclei, nucleus solitaries, and locus ceruleus
Input from the DMN thalamus

52
Q

Amygdala fibers go to

A

AFFERNTS TO THE HYPOTHALAMUS (Stria terminalis, ventral amygdalofugal pathways)
Also to the cortex frontal cingulate and temporal

53
Q

Amygdala Lesions

A

No fear, anger, disgust in facial expression and in how you actually feel, and can’t recognize it in other people

54
Q

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

A

Bilateral lesion of amygdala

  1. Visual Agnosia= can’t recognize an object by sight
  2. Hypermetamophosis= compulsion to overexplore the envr. + overreact to visual stimulus
  3. Hyperorality= examine objects by mouth
  4. Placidity=no fear or anger in appropriate situations
  5. Hyperphagia=eat a lot even when not hungry or not food objects
  6. Hypersexuality= inappropriate sexual acts and talks
55
Q

The Papez Circuit pathway

A
  1. Fornix —> mammillary bodies
  2. Amygdala adds to the hypothalamus also (emotional memory, emotions, basic drive)
  3. ——>Thalamus anterior nucleus (mammillothalamic tract)—-> cingulate cortex
    ——> prefrontal cortex —-> association cortex
  4. Hippocampus
    Neuroanatomical circuit of emotion between the Limbic system and cortical areas of the brain
56
Q

Ventral Tegmental Area

A

Had dopaminergic neurons ( located medial to substantia nigra)
REWARD ,MOTIVATION, ADDICTION
GETS info from the prefrontal cortex
SENDS info from the nucleus accumbants, and septal nuclei, Amygdala, and prefrontal cortex

57
Q

Septal Nuclei

A

Rostral to anterior commissure
Connects to olfactory bulb and hippocampus and amygdala (BY FORNIX)
REWARD, PLEASURE, RAGE BEHAVIOR

58
Q

Nucleus Accumbens

A

forebrain near caudate and putamen

ADDICTION, and CHRONIC PAIN behaviors

Neuroendocrine Exam 3 (18 decks)

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