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Neuroendocrine Exam 3 > Olfaction and Gustation > Flashcards

Olfaction and Gustation Flashcards

1
Q

Anosmia
Reversible hyposmia
Hyperosmia

A

X smell
common reason is from cold

thickened mucus blocks odorants to bind

migraine, psychotic states, pregnancy (increased smell)

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2
Q

Aguesia

A

X Taste

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3
Q

Tastants

A

chemical compounds binding to taste receptors for taste

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4
Q

Odorants

A

Chemical compounds that bind to odorant receptors for odors

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5
Q

5 primary tastes

A

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami

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6
Q

how taste buds send signal to

A

Taste buds are specialized epithelial cells
APICAL: taste receptors, the chemosensory transduction
(microvilli, taste receptors, voltage gated, TRP R)
BASOLATERAL: neurotransmitter release (serotonin, ATP)
—–> Primary Sensory Neuron to the brain

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7
Q

Salt, or acid (sour) molecule binds to what

A

flows into ion channel—-> influx of Positive ions—> depolarization—-> increase Ca+ as Na+ flows into the cell
(voltage gated Ca+)
Ca+ = helps vesicles of neurotransmitters bind and release on the basolateral PM
SEROTONIN

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8
Q

sweet, bitter, umami moelcule binds to what

A

binds to G-coupled PR—-> second messengers —-> depolarization —–> increase Ca+ as Na+ flows in to the cell (voltage gated Ca+)
Ca+ = helps vesicles of neurotransmitters bind and release on the basolateral PM
ATP

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9
Q

SOUR (acid) Receptor and NT

A

they are H+ Ions flowing through the ion channel

serotonin

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10
Q

SWEET Receptor and NT

A

Sugars binding to GPCRs

ATP

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11
Q

BITTER Receptor and NT

A

Various compounds binding to GPCR

ATP

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12
Q

SALTY Receptor and NT

A

Na+ Ions binding to the ENsC ion channel for Na+

Serotonin

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13
Q

UMAMI Receptor and NT

A

Glutamate binds to mGluR4 GPCR

ATP

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14
Q

Humans have how many Odorant Receptor Neurons

A

350 different ones
12 million total
very sensitive to odors

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15
Q

Olfactory cells are and release

A

bipolar neurons
Glutamate (BASOLATERAL) released on axons to go to the brain

have basal cells support cells inside

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16
Q

1 ODORANT

A

can stimulate many odorant receptors (we have 350)

the combination of the receptors stimulated by that odorant cause a unique signature for that odor

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17
Q

How does concentration of an odor change how it smells and binds

A

the more concentration the more receptors it binds to (we have 350) and the smell can be completely different/
LOW: maybe 1 receptor, flowers
HIGH: maybe 8 receptors and smells bad

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18
Q

Sensory Transduction Cascade in the ORN

A
  1. Odorant diffused into the mucus of nasal cavity
  2. binds to the OR proteins (GPCRs) = Golf on olfactory cilia (Olfactory cell is activated= ORN activaed)
  3. secondmessenger cAMP
  4. Cyclic- nucleotide gated channels open (CNGC) Ex: cAMP opens it
  5. Na+ and Ca+2 influx
  6. some Depolarization
  7. Ca+2 gated Cl- channels open (cl- leaves) (from step 5 Ca+2 influx binding)
  8. Ca+2 gated Na+ channels open (Na+ enters) (from Ca+2 from step5)
  9. more real depolarization for action potential to happen
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19
Q

Olfactory Adaptation

A
  1. cAMP is broken down by enzymes when it sticks around for a while
  2. Ca+ binds to calmodulin —> lowers CNGC affinity to cAMP
  3. odorant receptor (Golf) gets phosphorylated –> lowers sensitivity to odorant
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20
Q

Bitter receptors and how they function

A

their GPCRs are very sensitive to very low levels of tastant and innately dont like it
TO AVOID POISONOUS COMPUNDS
you can learn to tolorate this taste (coffee, green leafy veggies, citric fruits) to overcome this

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21
Q

Sweet receptors

A

signal presence of carbs for energy source

you like this when you need energy

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22
Q

Salty receptors

A

signal to control Na+ intake for body water balance and BP, blood circulation

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23
Q

Umami receptors

A

signals a foods protein content, good for us

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24
Q

Sour receptors

A

signals to dietary acids (H+), can be aversive (you dont like) to maintain acid-base balance in body
Also, spoiled food is often acidic

25
Q

Age related Gustatory sensitivity decline

A

(around 60yo)
taste buds decline
remaining taste buds shrink
less saliva made= affects taste

OTHER FACTORS: medication, disease, smoking, pollution, toxins

26
Q

Age related Olfactory sensitivity decline

A

(around 70yo)
ORN fibers and receptors decline
nasal mucus declines

OTHER FACTORS: medication, disease, smoking, pollution, toxins

27
Q

sensitivity decline by age health problems

A

loss of taste and smell= more flavoring of salt and spices and sugar added to foods
HTN, and DM, and bad health effects

can also cause loss of appetite and depression, impaired immunity

28
Q

when does the smell and taste start

A

in utero
to prepare the fetus fro future food and environment by tasting the amniotic fluid
also primes them to want breastmilk

29
Q

Newborns respond to what taste

A

SWEET tastes
they can act as an analgesic for them
can cause rapid calming effect and decrease some moderate to mild pain short-term
SUCROSE given in hospitals

30
Q

How does sweet-solution analgesia work

A
  1. brain arousal suppressed when distracted from procedure
  2. rewarding effect= lowers stress and promote calm
  3. Anit-nociceptive: SUCROSE activats RF and PAG in rats and activates beta-endorphins release (in infants) which acts to activate the endogenous opioid system
31
Q

sweet preference during adulthood

A

declines
high during childhood due to evolutionary sweet = energy and nutrients needed for growth
however, modern world has many sweet foods with no nutrients causing future unknown effects

32
Q

how to block and mask bitter tastes, from medicine, or coffee and alcohol

A

Salt: suppress bitter taste at the bitter taste receptors (mono-sodium glutamate and sodium gluconate)
Sweet: suppress bitter taste by having more activation sites in the brain, so masks the bitter signals

33
Q

nerve pathway for gustation

A

taste bud–> solitary nucleus —-> (as central tegmental tract) VPM nucleus of thalamus—-> through internal capsule to GUSTATORY CORTEX

34
Q

three regions of the gustatory cortex

A
  1. Postcentral gyrus
  2. Frontal Operculum
  3. Insula
35
Q

somatosensory input to taste

A

disliking texture of food

36
Q

CN7 CN9 CN 10 taste —>

A
  1. Nucleus tractus solitarius
  2. VMP of thalamus —> Gustatory cortex –> orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, and hypothalamus
  3. Hypothalamus
  4. Amygdala
37
Q

CN 10

A

epiglottis taste, and visceral activity

38
Q

CN 9

A

posterior 1/3 taste

39
Q

CN 7

A

anterior 2/3 taste

40
Q

VMP

A

discriminative taste begins, relay station

41
Q

Gustatory Cortex

A

discriminative aspects of taste

42
Q

Orbitofrontal cortex

A

integrates visual, somatosensory from mouth, and olfaction and gustation combined

43
Q

Amygdala

A

gets info from Gustatory cortex
emotional context and memories to eating
together with nucleus tractus solitarius

44
Q

Hypothalamus

A

gets info from Gustatory cortex

homeostatic mechanisms of eating= hunger working together with nucleus tractus solitarius

45
Q

Limbic System = amygdala and hypothalamus

A

eating and calming effects of food = reward and limbic system

46
Q

Medullary Reflex Arcs

A

for swallowing, salivating, mimetic responses to food happening in the nucleus tractus soitarius

47
Q

1 olfactory neuron has

many of the same odorant receptors

A

same odorant receptor on all its cilia
many of the same odorant receptors go through the cribiform plate to converge into the same glomerulus (inside the olfactory bulb)

48
Q

input to glomeruli

A

to a mitral/tufted cell in the mitral layer —-> lateral olfactory tract going to the brain

49
Q

olfactory buld

A

(GLOMERULUS)
mitral cells—> brain
granule cells (interneuron that release GABA to increase specificity of signal)
periglomerular cells (interneuron that release GABA to increase specificity of signal)

50
Q

NT released from Olfactory neurons —-> glomeruli (mitral cells)

NT released from mitral neurons—–> (as lateral olfactory tract) Brain Primary Olfactory cortex

A

GLUTAMATE

GLUTAMATE ?

51
Q

Primary Olfactory Cortex, is different how

A

does not go through the thalamus

52
Q

6 parts of the Primary Olfactory Nucleus

A
  1. Anterior Olfactory Nucleus–> SAME + OPPOSITE COTICIES of the BULB (relay station)
  2. Olfactory tubercle
  3. PIRIFORM CORTEX —> Hypothalamus (control appetite, hunger)
    - —> thalamus (integrate taste, smell, and sight, to appreciate food flavor)
  4. Anterior Cortical Amygdaloid Nucleus— >hypothalamus (emotional learning, olfactory fear conditioning)
  5. Periamygdaloid cortex—> hypothalamus (interegrational of emotion to food from SMELL)
  6. Lateral Entorhinal cortex—> hippocampus (memory formation, connects to limbic system and entroichinal cortex for memory of ODOR experience
53
Q

Anterior Olfactory Nucleus–>

A
  1. Anterior Olfactory Nucleus–> SAME + OPPOSITE COTICIES of the BULB (relay station)
54
Q

PIRIFORM CORTEX —>

A

PIRIFORM CORTEX —> Hypothalamus (control appetite, hunger)

—-> thalamus (integrate taste, smell, and sight, to appreciate food flavor)

55
Q

Anterior Cortical Amygdaloid Nucleus— >

A

Anterior Cortical Amygdaloid Nucleus— >hypothalamus (emotional learning, olfactory fear conditioning)

56
Q

Periamygdaloid cortex—>

A

Periamygdaloid cortex—> hypothalamus (interegrational of emotion to food from SMELL)

57
Q

Lateral Entorhinal cortex—>

A

Lateral Entorhinal cortex—> hippocampus (memory formation, connects to limbic system and entroichinal cortex for memory of ODOR experience

58
Q

neurogenesis happens where

A

olfactory bulb and dentate gyrus of hippocampus

59
Q

loss of smell can indicate what in the future

A

even early loss of smell is the first indicator for someone to develop parkinsons later int he future or other neurodegenrative diseases can be linked

Neuroendocrine Exam 3 (18 decks)

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