Learning And Memory

Question 1

Post-tetanic stimulation

Very short 60sec

Answer 1

brief + high f discharge of NT (60sec)
=increase probability of AP in post-synaptic cell
1. Higher stimulation
2. Ca+2 enters the pre cell
3. More vesicles are able to fuse at synaptic cleft
4. Leads to greater NTs released
5. higher probability that post cell will have an AP

Question 2

Procedural Memory

Answer 2

Non- declarative memory, can by long-term
Reflexive memory
Implicit memory

(Automatic skills) -riding bike’
Cerebellum = motor skills
NA= non-motor skills (habits)

Question 3

Declarative Memory

Answer 3

EXPLICIT memory, can be used for long-term
Consciously recollecting learned facts and experiences
1. Episodic
2. Semantic

Question 4

Episodic memory

Answer 4

Type of declarative

Memory of an event

Question 5

Semantic Memory

Answer 5

Type of declarative

Memory of words, language, and rules

Question 6

Working memory

Answer 6

A subset of short-term FOR RETRIEVAL of long-term memory
Memory or facts and such for use at the moment
Ex: recall a fact you can use to answer a test
1. Central Executive (PFC)- fact I need
2. Phonological Loop- auditory info + rules/words of the event ->PFC
3. Visuospatial Loop - visual mems or all ->PFC

Question 7

Neuronal Plasticity

Answer 7

CNS is altered

More branches to new cells, more synapses

Question 8

2 types of Plasticity

Answer 8

1. Change synaptic Function:
   - POST-TETANIC POTENTIATION
   - LONG-TERM POTENTIATION
2. Change structure of the neuron:
   - GAIN/LOSS synapses
   - DENTRITE changes
   - SOME changes

Question 9

Long-Term Potentiation in post cell

Has to last 30min- several hours

Answer 9

Changes in the pre and post neuron = makes them higher sensitive to a NT, Last hours

1. EAA binds to NMDA +Non-NMDA
2. Na+ flows into the cell (depol. Opens NMDA .more NA+)
3. Ca+2 follows
4. CA+2 binds to Calmodulin= cAMP increase
5. AMPA receptors get phosphorylated
6. Na+ flows in even more= HIGHER AP + sensitivity

Question 10

Long-Term potentiation from post cell to pre cell

Has to last more then 30min - hours

Answer 10

Changes in the pre and post neuron = makes them higher sensitive to a NT

1. EAA binds to NMDA +Non-NMDA
2. Na+ flows into the cell (depol. Opens NMDA .more NA+)
3. Ca+2 follows
4. CA+2 binds to Calceineurin= NOS increase
5. Increase NO, flows into pre cell
6. cGMP increase + increase NT release from pre cell

Question 11

Gain/loss of function

Dendrites and soma structurally change

Answer 11

proteins increase in pre and post cell:
NT synthesis enzymes
NT receptors
Growth+synapse formation

Question 12

CREB

Answer 12

Change in structure on neuron that is permanent

In Long-term potentiation + gain/loss and dendrite/soma structure changes

Question 13

1. Encoding

Answer 13

Attending(focus) to new info
Linking the new info to previous mems
Emotions linked (if we care its worthy to us to remember)

Question 14

2. Storage of information

And areas of the brain that hold this info

Answer 14

Retention of info over time (SHORT-TERM) IS LIMITED
USES LONG-TERM POTENTIATION
Hippocampus
Parahippocampal cortex (also does surprise)
Prefrontal cortex
Some to amygdala

Question 15

3. Consolidation

And brain regions for this

Answer 15

SHORT-LONG
Making memory permanent REPEATED IN THE PAPEZ CIRCUIT +temporal lobe+hippocampus
Physical changes in the synaptic structures
USES LONG-TERM P and STRUCTURAL PLASTICITY
Stored where the new synapses are made which is in the area of the brain associated with the type of info (sound-auditory cortex)

Question 16

4. Retrieval

Answer 16

Recall + use memory (cortex area)
->Neocortex (where all the pieces come from)
->parahippocampal cortex (all come together here)
-> hippocampus (holds it in short-term working memory =reconstruct memory using place cells)
-> parahippocampal cortex (prolongs life of short-term memory)
-> back to cortex ( to make it long term)
Bring info to working memory
Can be modified and lost
Ex: practice questions when studying for test

Question 17

cAMP increase causes what

Answer 17

Gene transcription of CREB TF——> physical change of neurons

cAMP made in LTP

Question 18

How to block memories

Answer 18

You block protein synthesis of those memories

Question 19

Alzheimer’s Disease targets what part of the brain

Answer 19

Nucleus Basalis of Meynert

Connects the neocortex to the Amygdala (short-term memory)

Question 20

Papez Circuit 4 members

Answer 20

1. Hypothalamus and Mammillary Bodies (physiological response to memory or event)
2. Anterior Thalamus (sensory info comes here)
3. Cingulate Cortex (emotion)
4. Hippocampus (short-term)
   LTP and Plasticity are both made

Question 21

Long-term memories don’t use

Answer 21

The limbic system

Question 22

Issues of retrieval of long-term memory

Answer 22

All the individual pieces (what I saw, smelled, heard, felt) are all stored in their pwn cortex and need to come together

Question 23

When can info or memory be lost or altered

Answer 23

While you are actively receiving the memory

Pathway is altered

Question 24

.Central Executive area

Answer 24

PFC

Question 25

Phonological Loop area

Answer 25

Brocas and Wernickes area

Question 26

Visuospatial

Answer 26

Occipital cortex for vision

Question 27

SPATIAL MEMORY is done where and uses what

Answer 27

ONLY HIPPOCAMPUS
Long-term memory of space
Uses pyrimidal place cells of CA1= fire more when you are closer to the object
(When you remember something by thinking about where I was when I learned something)

Question 28

Place cells location and function

Input from where

Answer 28

in Hippocampus, where in my visual field is this object
Uses pyrimidal place cells of CA1= fire more when you are closer to the object
(Ex: When you remember something by thinking about where I was when I learned something)
Get info from Grid cells

Question 29

Grid Cells location and function

And input from where

Answer 29

ONLY ACTIVE when you’re in the area
In the Entorhinal cortex (olfaction happens here also)
Make a map of the place I’m at (triangular and hexagonal map)
Get info from border neurons and head direction cells

Question 30

Border cells

Answer 30

Fire at edges, like walls

Question 31

Head direction cells

Answer 31

Shows where head was oriented

Question 32

RETRIEVAL OF SPACE

Answer 32

place cells