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Neuroendocrine Exam 3 > Neurophysiology of Higher Cognition > Flashcards

Neurophysiology of Higher Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

Theory of mind

A

Understanding what someone else feels and the reason they have these emotions

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2
Q

COMPONENTS OF COGNITION

A
  1. Language
  2. Social cognition
  3. Executive functioning (plan ahead, anticipate, reasoning)
  4. Memory
  5. Visuospatial perception
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3
Q

Patient comes in after fall and neck and body injury of scapula
Surgery was done however, patient had word impairment prior to fall, and patient is resistant to taking rugs thinking they are trying to poison him
Pt. Is angry when asked to do things
HTN, DM
Mother died to Dementia
Manyyy OTC supplementals

A

Frontal Temporal Dementia = eats many OTC, emotional regulation, hard to find word, belief he’s being poisoned

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4
Q

Cognition

A

Requires extensive interactions of pyramidal cells (of 5th layer brain) with all areas of the brain
PTO= example, takes in parietal, Temporal, Occipital
Limbic= example

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5
Q

Language Implementation System

A

Broca’s and Wernickes, Arcuate Fasciculus, and facial area or somatomotor cortex

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6
Q

steps in making spoken language

A
  1. Language Conceptual System
  2. Language Mediational System
  3. Language Implementation System
  4. Spoken Language
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7
Q

Language mediational System

A

Temporal Parietal and Frontal (relay info from the language conceptual system to the Language implementation system)

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8
Q

Language Conceptual system

A

Stores all the nouns we know (names of things)
It gets input from ventral visual pathway (visual cortex goes to temporal and parietal to identify what we see), and verbs common from another part of the brain
= what concept am I trying to say

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9
Q

Babies younger then 6mo

A

Recognize all sounds that could be a language
= Language universalists
= practice motor acts to make any sounds

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10
Q

6mo-9mo

A

Brain changes and recognize specific language
They start to drop phenomena that don’t occur in their language that their parents speak to them

Synaptic pruning

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11
Q

Age 1yo

A

Child starts babbling and process if completed at this age
Converts to true language spoken
All language inflictions in when we speak is down

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12
Q

When babies learn language which area is activated

A

Broca’s and wernickes
In bilingual children= they mix up both language words in speeches since they don’t know which words are to which language

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13
Q

Second language learned compared to 1st language learned

DURING LANGUAGE ACQUISITION PHASE

A

Activated the same pathway during language acquisition

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14
Q

Second language learned compared to 1st language

AFTER LANGUAGE ACQUISITION PHASE = Adulthood (under 10yo)

A

Second language activates area of brain adjacent to the Broca’s area
Some doubt in this
Sometimes this area is spared after a stoke and pt. Only speaks language they never spoke before

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15
Q

Social cognition

A

How do we interact with others

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16
Q

Patient comes in from fall and is very angry and does not have control of angry outbursts
he knows he is having these angry outbursts, throwing objects
He does not think there is anything wrong with it or that anyone should be upset with him or is angry

A

Social cognition effects
Emotional Comprehension= recognize how someone else feels
Theory of Mind= understand reason they feel the way they do
= understand reason someone’s emotions are different then mine

From prosody and facial expression

17
Q

Emotional Comprehension

A

Understanding how others feel
1. Perception of facial expression= identify face as something special [Superior Temporal Sulcus + Fusiform Gyrus]-fusiform face area
Important: neural circuits that help us recognize others emotions help us in having that emotion ourselves ——> step2

  1. Bring in emotional component [anteriro cingulate cortex, amygdala, prefrontal cortex]
18
Q

Superior Temporal Sulcus + Fusiform Gyrus-fusiform face area

A

Stores faces

Can be defected in autistic people

19
Q

Where is emotion expressed and recognized

A

In triangle of eyes, nose, mouth

AMYGDALA controls this; uses eyes and directs them to other peoples eyes and triangles (esp. the eyes)

20
Q

Damage to the amygdala

A

You look all over the face (not the triangle, EYES) to find emotion

21
Q

Fusiform gyrus face cortex damage

A

Person does not look at face of others, does not see it as important or having emotions expressed

22
Q

Imitation of other peoples emotions steps

A
  1. Ventral Visual pathway= visual input posterior part of superior temporal sulcus
  2. Travels to the Posterior Mirror Neuron System = Identify motor action
  3. Travels to Anterior Mirror Neuron System = Identifies goal of action

See someone smiling at a cupcake; she’s smiling; because she’s happy and cakes are yummy and pretty; I will also smile

23
Q

How do we imitate behavior and what is it important for

A

Important for social cognitive skills

We imitate emotions and behaviors or mirror neurons with limbic system interacting with insula

24
Q

Prosody

A

Study of tune and rhythm = inflections in speech = have a meaning
= give clues to emotions others and I feel

25
Q

Prosody steps

A
  1. Primary auditory cortex = basic sound processing
    [identify pitch, loudness, characteristics of sound]
    Moms voice is loud
  2. Goes to RIGHT posterior superior temporal sulcus = all auditory information are pieced together the MEANING of the sound characteristics gathered
    (Moms voice sounds different and louder then usual, yelling)
  3. Frontal Cortex = judge the emotional stimulus is determined
    (She is mad)
26
Q

Frontal temporal dementia

A

Loose ability to judge the prosody of what you hear

Don’t know the emotion other person is having

27
Q

Patient repeatedly accuses wife to get rid of him and staff trying to poison him

A

Theory of mind= belief that led to the emotion understanding
=Ability to understand mental states(beliefs, desires, intentions) of others that are different from mine and appreciate them

28
Q

Theory of mind steps

A
  1. Amygdala sends info about emotion to
  2. Medial Temporal Lobes (memory, sensory processing)
  3. Orbitofrontal areas (sensory and emotional processing
  4. Executive Functioning - identify emotion and why
    Language is important in learning theory of mind (WHEN YOUNGER)
29
Q

What is required for Theory of mind

A

Emotional Cognition

30
Q

Posterior Sector of the Superior Temporal Sulcus

A

Provide visual input what we can work with

31
Q

Posterior Mirror neurons

A

Identify the motion (facial expression, facial motions)

32
Q

Anterior Mirror neurons

A

Identify purpose of the motion (facial expression, facial movements)

33
Q

Decision making 3 parts of the Brain

A

Stimulus Encoding System - evaluates the making a decision based on info and evidence available

  1. Orbitofrontal cortex
  2. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
  3. Striatum

Ex: interpret that I should not buy that because I don’t have the money

34
Q

The Action Selection system of decision making

A

Anterior Cingulate Cortex -learns + encodes value of the results from a decision (good, bad, risky)
- detects error also
= learn from results and encode it

I bought this and it made us broke

35
Q

Expected Reward System of Decision Making

A

= predicts reward

  1. The basal ganglia
  2. Amygdala
  3. Insular cortex- process social emotions
  4. Intraparietal cortex - somatosensory process + planning + intentions

I will buy this becus it will make me happy

36
Q

Stimulus Encoding System in decision making

A

Figures out likely hood or probably of a result from a decision

I can choose this table cloth to buy, it is likely my wife will like it

37
Q

Decision making when risks are unknown rely on

A
  1. Expected Reward system= deciding in lottery if you should choose the same deck that you lost money from the time before, you prefer choosing one you have won from before
  2. Action Selection System (after)
38
Q

Reason Pt. Had frequent falls with the frontal temporal dementia

A

Poor judgment of what he could and couldn’t do, cold not assess the risks, bad decisions making

Neuroendocrine Exam 3 (18 decks)

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