The Urogenital System. Flashcards
Define the renal artery?
The artery that delivers blood to the kidneys.
Define the renal capsule?
The membrane that covers the kidneys.
What is the urogenital system responsible for?
For excreting urine from the body.
What are the 4 features of the urogenital system?
The kidneys.
The urethra.
The uretas.
The bladder.
What kind if organ are the kidneys?
A paired organ.
What colour are the kidneys?
Reddish brown in colour.
Where are the kidneys located in the body?
In the sublumbar region.
On either side of the vertebral column.
What is each individual kidney covered by?
A thin fibrous capsule called the renal capsule.
What poles does each kidney contain?
A cranial and caudal pole which are located at cranial and caudal extremities.
What borders do the kidneys have?
A medial and lateral border with a dorsal and ventral surface.
What distinguishes the medial border of the kidneys?
It contains an indented oval opening.
What is the indented oval opening of the meadial border of the kidneys known as?
The hilus.
What if the function of the hilus?
It is where the ureter, renal artery and vein, lymph vessels and nerves will enter the kidney.
What is the location of the right kidney?
It lies opposite to the 3 lumbar vertebrae.
What is significant about the cranial lobe of the right kidney?
It is covered by the caudate lobe of the liver.
How does the positioning of the right kidney differ from that of the left kidney?
It is in a more cranial position than the left kidney.
What is the location of the left kidney?
It is opposite the second, third and fourth vertebrae.
What is the ureter?
A tube that exits the kidney at the hilus.
What is the function of the ureter?
To transmit the urine from the kidney to the bladder.
What is the expanded portion of the ureter that is located within the kidney?
The renal pelvis.
What is the renal pelvis?
It is where all of the vessels from within the kidney will drain urine into the ureter.
What happens once urine enters the ureter?
It will travel to the bladder.
Where does the ureter enter the bladder?
At the dorsal part of the neck of the bladder.
What are the 2 major structures of the kidney?
The internal medulla.
The external cortex.
What is the internal medulla of the kidney formed from?
From several depressions that are formed within the interior of the kidney.
What is the cortex of the kidney formed from?
All of the material that borders the medulla.
Where in the kindey is the medulla found?
At the centre of the kidney.
What are the structures found in the medulla?
Structures called renal pyramids.
Why do the renal pyramids have a striated appearance?
Due the presence of numerous collecting ducts.
What strucutre is found at the edge of the medulla?
A structure called the renal crest which is a ridge that runs towards the renal pelvis.
What is the function of the renal crest?
It serves as the point where urine is excreted into the renal pelvis before it enters the ureter to be excreted.
What is the renal cortex?
It is the outer portion of the parenchyma.
What is found in the renal cortex?
A series of contorted tubes that are known as nephrons.
What is the function of the nephrons?
To regulate the volume and composition of extra cellular fluid for the production of urine.
What are the 2 parts that make up the individual nephron?
The glomerular capsule.
The glomerulus.
What part of the nephron do the glomerular capsule and the golmerulus make up?
The renal corpuscle.
What is the renal corpuscle?
A cup shaped structure that has the glomerulus in the middle and glomerular capsule on the outside.
Where are the renal corpuscles found in the kidney?
In the renal cortex.
What is found within the glomerulus of the renal corpuscle?
Blood capillaries.
The renal tubules that arise from the glomerular capsule divide into what 4 structures?
The proximal convoluted tube.
Henley’s loop.
The distal convoluted tubule.
The collecting tubules.
Where do the collecting tubules of the kidney run to and from?
They run through the medulla and open into the renal crest at the papillary duct.
Where do the ureters begin?
At the renal pelvis.
What is the job of the ureters?
To carry urine from the kidney to the bladder.
What are the 3 separate layers of the ureter?
The outer longitudinal layer.
The middle circular layer.
The inner longitudinal layer.
What kind of organ is the bladder?
A musculomembranous organ that varies in size and form depending on the amount of urine that it contains.
What are the 2 divisions of the bladder?
The neck and the body.
What are the 3 layers of the bladder?
Outer and inner longitudinal layers.
The thick, middle circular layer.
The mucosa layer which is made up of transitional epithelium.
Where is the trigone found within the bladder?
At the urethral orifice.
What is the function of the bladder?
It is where the bladder gives rise to the urethra which will drain urine to be excreted.
