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Intro to Anatomy. > Cardiovascular System. > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System. Flashcards

1
Q

Define an artery?

A

A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart.

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2
Q

Define the atria-ventricular ostium?

A

Another word for the atria ventricular orifice.

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3
Q

Define the auricles of the heart?

A

Ear-like appendages that are part of each ventricle and serve to increase the capacity of the ventricles.

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4
Q

Define the atrium?

A

The lower 2 chambers of the heart, they will release blood from the heart to the lungs or to the body.

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5
Q

Define the inter-atrial septum?

A

The structure that divides the left and right atria.

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6
Q

Define the moderator band?

A

Another name for the trabecular septomarginalis.

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7
Q

Define a myocyte?

A

An individual cardiac muscle cell.

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8
Q

Define the pericardium?

A

A fibroserous material that wraps around the heart and consists of 2 distinct layers.

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9
Q

Define a vein?

A

A blood vessel that carries blood towards the heart.

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10
Q

Define the ventricles?

A

The ventricles are the lower 2 chambers and they will release blood to the lungs or the body.

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11
Q

What 4 things does the cardiovascular system consist of?

A

The heart.

The blood.

Veins.

Arteries.

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12
Q

What is pericardium?

A

A fibroserous material that wraps around and completely covers the heart.

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13
Q

What are the 2 different layers of pericardium that can be found within the heart?

A

The fibrous outer layer.

The serous inner layer.

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14
Q

What is the name of the space that lies between the inner and outer layers of pericardium?

A

The pericardial cavity.

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15
Q

What can found within the pericardial cavity?

A

A liquid substance known as pericardial fluid.

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16
Q

What kind of material makes up the outer layer of pericardium?

A

A tough fibrous material.

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17
Q

What strucutres does the tough fibrous material that makes up the outer layer of the pericardium enclose?

A

The heart.

The inner layer of pericardium.

A small amount of fluid.

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18
Q

What is the outer layer of pericardium covered by?

A

Pericardial mediastinal pleura.

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19
Q

How is the inner layer of serous pericardium arranged?

A

It is arranged in 2 layers that are separated by the pericardial cavity.

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20
Q

What are the 2 layers that make up serous pericardium?

A

A visceral layer.

A parietal layer.

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21
Q

What is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium?

A

It is the smooth outer covering of the heart.

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22
Q

What is the parietal layer of the serous pericardium?

A

It covers the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium.

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23
Q

What is the heart used for?

A

To pump blood to every corner of the body.

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24
Q

What does the shape of the heart resemble?

A

A cone.

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25
Q

If the heart is shaped like a cone, where is the base located?

A

The base is located in the dorsal extremity of the heart.

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26
Q

If the heart is shaped like a cone, where is the apex or point located?

A

The apex is usually slanted off the the left and points both ventrally and caudally.

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27
Q

Where will large blood vessels enter the heart?

A

At the base.

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28
Q

What are the 2 surfaces of the heart known as?

A

The auricular surface.

The atrial surface.

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29
Q

What is the auricular surface of the heart?

A

The surface that faces towards the left thoracic wall.

The tips of both auricles face towards this side.

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30
Q

What is the atrial surface of the heart?

A

This surface that faces towards the right thoracic wall.

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31
Q

What are the 3 grooves of the heart?

A

The coronary groove.

The intra-ventricular groove.

Inter-ventricular grooves.

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32
Q

What is coronary groove also known as?

A

As the coronary sulcus.

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33
Q

Where is the coronary groove located?

A

It wraps around the base of the heart and lies between the atria and the ventricles.

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34
Q

What is found within the coronary groove?

A

Fat and some coronary vessels.

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35
Q

Where is the intra-ventricular groove found?

A

Between the right and left ventricles.

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36
Q

The intra-ventricular groove represents the approximate poasition of what feature of the heart?

A

The intra-ventricular septum.

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37
Q

What are the inter ventricular grooves?

A

2 other grooves that link the left and right ventricles

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38
Q

What are the names of the inter ventricular grooves?

A

The paraconal inter ventricular groove.

The subsinal inter ventricular groove.

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39
Q

Where is the paraconal intra-ventricular located?

A

On the left side of the subsinal inter ventricular groove.

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40
Q

Where is the subsinal intra-ventricular located?

A

On the dorsocaudal surface of the heart.

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41
Q

What are the 3 different tissue layers that make up the heart?

A

The epicardium (outermost layer).

The myocardium (middle layer).

The epicardium (innermost layer).

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42
Q

The epicardium makes up what layer of tissue within the heart?

A

The outermost layer.

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43
Q

What other layers of the heart are included in the epicardium?

A

The visceral layer of the serous pericardium.

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44
Q

What material is the epicardium made up of?

A

A thin, transparent later that surrounds the myocardium.

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45
Q

What is the myocardium composed of?

A

Cardiac muscle.

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46
Q

What layer of the heart makes up most of the heart?

A

The myocardium.

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47
Q

What layer of the heart is responsible for producing the pumping action that the heart is famous for?

A

The myocardium.

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48
Q

What layer of the heart is made up by the endocardium?

A

The innermost layer.

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49
Q

What is the endocardium made up of?

A

A thin layer of endothelium that surrounds the chambers of the heart.

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50
Q

The layer of endocardium is continuous with what lining?

A

It is continuous with the endothelial lining of the large blood vessels that enter the heart.

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51
Q

What major strucutres are found within the interior of the heart?

A

The 4 distinct chambers.

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52
Q

How are the 4 chambers of the heart arranged?

A

There are 2 dorsal cranial chambers that are known as atria.

There are 2 ventral chambers known as ventricles.

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53
Q

What do the 2 atrial chambers consist of?

A

The left and right atrium.

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54
Q

What are the auricles that are attached to the atria?

A

Ear like structures that serve to increase the carrying capacity of the atrium.

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55
Q

What is the structure that divides the left and right atria?

A

The inter-atrial septum.

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56
Q

What is the job of the atria?

A

To receive blood that has been transported to the heart by the veins from either from the lungs or the body.

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57
Q

The right atrium recieves blood from which 2 major veins?

A

The cranial veina cava and the caudal veina cava.

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58
Q

From where does the cranial vena cava bring blood into the right atrium?

A

It will drain all of the deoxygenated blood from the head and transport it back to the heart.

59
Q

From where does the caudal vena cava bring blood into the right atrium?

A

The caudal veina cava drains deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body and returns it to the heart.

60
Q

Where does all of the deoxygenated blood enter the heart?

A

At the right atrium.

61
Q

What are the 2 areas that the right atrium is divided into?

A

The sinus venarum.

The right auricle.

62
Q

What is the sinus venarum of the right atrium?

A

It is the main area of the right atrium.

63
Q

What are the 4 main structures that can be found within the right atrium?

A

The coronary sinus.

Right atria ventricular orifice.

Fossa ovalis.

Pectinate muscles.

64
Q

What is the coronary sinus of the right atrium?

A

It is the point of return for the coronary vein.

65
Q

What is the function of the coronary vein?

A

It returns all of the deoxygenated blood that has been used by the heart.

66
Q

Where is the cornonary sinus located in the right atrium?

A

It is located ventrally to the point where the caudal veina cava enters the heart.

67
Q

What is right atria ventricular orifice of the right atrium?

A

An opening that lies between the right atrium and the right ventricle.

68
Q

What is the fossa ovalis known as in a foetus?

A

The foramen ovale.

69
Q

What is the function of the foramen ovale?

A

It allows blood to pass from the right atrium to the left atrium.

70
Q

Where is the fossa ovalis located in the right atrium?

A

It is located caudally to the intravenous tubercle.

71
Q

When does the foramen ovale disappear?

A

When the lungs develop within the foetus.

72
Q

What happens when the foramen ovale disappears?

A

It is closed off and becomes known as the fossa ovalis.

73
Q

What condition results if the formaen ovale does not close?

A

A hole in the heart.

74
Q

What are the pectinate muscles of the right atrium?

A

An interlacing muscular band located on the internal wall of the right auricle and the right atrium.

75
Q

What is the purpose of the pectinate muscles?

A

To give strength to the right auricle.

76
Q

What are the 4 openings that are found within the right atrium?

A

The caudal veina cava.

The cranial veina cava.

The coronary sinus.

The right atria ventricular orifice.

77
Q

Where does the right ventricle recieve blood from?

A

It receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium.

78
Q

Where does the right ventricle pump blood towards?

A

Towards the lungs so that the blood can be re-oxygenated.

79
Q

How does the blood pass from the right atrium to the right ventricle?

A

It will pass through the right atrioventricular orifice.

80
Q

How is the flow of blood through the atrioventricular orifice controlled?

A

By the right atrioventricular valve that can open or shut.

81
Q

What kind of valve is the right atrioventricular valve?

A

A tricuspid valve.

82
Q

What does a tricuspid valve consist of?

A

3 flaps or cusps that are joined to a structure known as the chordae tendineae.

83
Q

What are the 3 cusps that make up the right atrioventricular valve known as?

A

which are known as the parietal cusp and the septal cusp

84
Q

What is the job of the atrioventricular valve?

A

To stop blood flowing back from the ventricles into the atrium.

85
Q

How is the chordae tendinae of the right atrioventricular valve attached to the heart?

A

It is attached to the septal wall of the ventricle by 3 papillary muscles.

86
Q

What is the trabeculae carneae that is found within the right ventricle?

A

It is a series of muscular irregularities in the walls of the ventricle.

87
Q

What is the purpose of the trabeculae carneae?

A

To fortify the ventricle by adding strength.

88
Q

What is trabecula septomarginalis of the right ventricle?

A

It is a muscular strand that crosses the lumen of the ventricle.

89
Q

How does the trabecula septomarginalis cross the lumen of the ventricle?

A

It extends from the lumen of the septal wall to the parietal wall.

90
Q

Where does the right ventricle terminate?

A

At the funnel shaped area that is known as the conus arterioles which gives rise to the pulmonary trunk.

91
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve located?

A

In the pulmonary trunk.

92
Q

Blood that is released from the right ventricle will travel through which valve?

A

The pulmonary valve

93
Q

Blood that is released by the right ventricle will travel to what organ/organs?

A

To the lungs.

94
Q

What is the shape and strucutre of the pulmonary valve?

A

It is semilunar in shape and consists of 3 semilunar cusps.

95
Q

What is the job of the left atrium?

A

To receive oxygenated blood that arrives from the lungs.

96
Q

The apex of the heart is formed by which chamber?

A

The left ventricle.

97
Q

Where does the left atrium release blood into?

A

Into the left ventricle.

98
Q

How does blood pass from the left atrium to the left ventricle?

A

It passes through the left atrioventricular orifice which is a valved opening between the 2 chambers.

99
Q

What valve is found in the left atrioventricular orifice?

A

The left atrioventricular valve.

100
Q

What kind of valve is the left atrioventricular valve?

A

A bicuspid or mitral valve that contains 2 cusps.

101
Q

How does the left atrioventricular valve differ from the right left atrioventricular valve?

A

The right atrioventricular valve as the right valve contains 3 cusps and the left contains 2 cusps.

102
Q

What shape is the left ventricle?

A

Conical.

103
Q

How do the walls of the left and right ventricle differ?

A

The wall of the left ventricle is 3-4 times thicker than the wall of the right ventricle.

104
Q

What muscles are found in the wall of the right ventricle?

A

2 large papillary muscles that will contract and send blood around the body.

105
Q

Through what orifice will blood leave the left ventricle?

A

Through the aortic orifice which is located in the base of the heart.

106
Q

When blood leaves the left ventricle, which blood vessel will it enter?

A

The aortic artery.

107
Q

What valve is found in the aortic orifice?

A

The aortic valve.

108
Q

How is the aortic valve constructed?

A

It consists of 2 semilunar cusps that are known as the right and left cusp.

109
Q

How does the aortic valve differ from the pulmonary valve?

A

The pulmonary valve consists of 3 cusps and the aortic valve consists of 2 cusps.

110
Q

What is the job of the aorta?

A

To carry oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

111
Q

What 2 blood vessels arise from the aorta immediately after it has left the heart?

A

The right and left coronary arteries.

112
Q

What is the job of the right and left coronary arteries?

A

To deliver oxygenated blood to the heart.

113
Q

Why is the pulmonary trunk artery unique?

A

It is the only arteries in the body to carry de-oxygenated blood.

114
Q

What is the purpose of the pulmonary trunk artery?

A

To carry blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.

115
Q

Where is the ligamentum arteriosum located?

A

A feature that is found between the aorta and the pulmonary trunk.

116
Q

What is the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

It the remnants of a structure called the foetal ductus arteriosus.

117
Q

What was the purpose of the foetal ductus arteriosus?

A

It was a connective tissue that held the aorta and pulmonary trunk together during development.

118
Q

All of the veins that drain the de-oxygenated blood from the heart will drain into what vein?

A

Into the great cardiac vein.

119
Q

Where is the great cardiac vein located?

A

It circumnavigates the heart.

120
Q

What is the function of the great cardiac vein located?

A

It transports all of the de-oxygnated blood from the heart into the coronary sinus.

121
Q

What are the pulmonary veins responsible for?

A

For returning blood to the heart.

122
Q

How are the pulmonary veins differentiated from each other?

A

By their names which are;

The caudal and cranial veina cava.

123
Q

Where does the caudal veina cava flow into and where does it flow from?

A

It flows into the right atrium and is responsible for retuning de-oxygenated blood from the body.

124
Q

Where does the cranial veina cava flow into and where does it flow from?

A

It is responsible for retuning oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

125
Q

How do the veins enter the atria of the heart?

A

Through valveless openings, this means that the heart is always getting topped up with blood.

126
Q

What kind of walls is the aorta built from?

A

Relatively thick walls as the blood that enters the aorta is under massive pressure.

127
Q

Where do the major arteries of the body arise from?

A

From the aorta.

128
Q

What is the portion of the aorta that leaves the heart known as?

A

The ascending aorta.

129
Q

What direction will blood flow if it is in the ascending aorta?

A

Cranially.

130
Q

What portion of the aorta is formed after the ascending aorta?

A

The aortic arch.

131
Q

How does the ascending aorta form the aortic arch?

A

It doubles back on itself to forms a 180 degree turn, this forms the ascending aorta.

132
Q

What portion of the aorta is formed after the aortic arch?

A

The descending aorta.

133
Q

What are the 2 arteries that branch off the aorta at the aortic arch?

A

The left and right subclavian arteries.

134
Q

Where does the right subclavian artery exit the aortic arch?

A

At a point that is known as the brachiocephalic trunk.

135
Q

What is the braciocephalic trunk?

A

An arterial junction that gives rise to the right subclavian artery and to the left and right common carotid arteries.

136
Q

What arteries will supply blood to the organs that are cranial to the heart?

A

The arteries of the brachiocephalic trunk and the left subclavian artery.

137
Q

The descending aorta supplies blood to what areas of the body?

A

To all of the areas of the body that are caudal of the heart.

138
Q

What are the 2 subcategories that the descending aorta is divided into?

A

The thoracic aorta.

The abdominal aorta.

139
Q

What is the thoracic aorta?

A

The area of aorta that is in the thoracic area of the body.

140
Q

What is the abdominal aorta?

A

The are of the aorta that is in the abdominal area of the body.

141
Q

What are the 3 arteries that arise out of the thoracic aorta?

A

The oesophageal arteries.

The bronchial arteries.

The dorsal intercostal arteries.

142
Q

Where does the abdominal aorta terminate?

A

At the 7th lumbar vertebrae.

143
Q

What happens when the abdominal aorta terminates?

A

It divides into;

The right and left internal iliac.

The middle sacral arteries.

144
Q

What are the 7 arteries that arise out of the abdominal aorta?

A

The unpaired celiac artery.

The unpaired cranial mesenteric artery.

The renal artery.

The testicular/ovarian artery.

The caudal mesenteric artery.

The deep circumflex iliac arteries.

The external iliac arteries.

Intro to Anatomy. (12 decks)

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