Cardiovascular System. Flashcards
Define an artery?
A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart.
Define the atria-ventricular ostium?
Another word for the atria ventricular orifice.
Define the auricles of the heart?
Ear-like appendages that are part of each ventricle and serve to increase the capacity of the ventricles.
Define the atrium?
The lower 2 chambers of the heart, they will release blood from the heart to the lungs or to the body.
Define the inter-atrial septum?
The structure that divides the left and right atria.
Define the moderator band?
Another name for the trabecular septomarginalis.
Define a myocyte?
An individual cardiac muscle cell.
Define the pericardium?
A fibroserous material that wraps around the heart and consists of 2 distinct layers.
Define a vein?
A blood vessel that carries blood towards the heart.
Define the ventricles?
The ventricles are the lower 2 chambers and they will release blood to the lungs or the body.
What 4 things does the cardiovascular system consist of?
The heart.
The blood.
Veins.
Arteries.
What is pericardium?
A fibroserous material that wraps around and completely covers the heart.
What are the 2 different layers of pericardium that can be found within the heart?
The fibrous outer layer.
The serous inner layer.
What is the name of the space that lies between the inner and outer layers of pericardium?
The pericardial cavity.
What can found within the pericardial cavity?
A liquid substance known as pericardial fluid.
What kind of material makes up the outer layer of pericardium?
A tough fibrous material.
What strucutres does the tough fibrous material that makes up the outer layer of the pericardium enclose?
The heart.
The inner layer of pericardium.
A small amount of fluid.
What is the outer layer of pericardium covered by?
Pericardial mediastinal pleura.
How is the inner layer of serous pericardium arranged?
It is arranged in 2 layers that are separated by the pericardial cavity.
What are the 2 layers that make up serous pericardium?
A visceral layer.
A parietal layer.
What is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium?
It is the smooth outer covering of the heart.
What is the parietal layer of the serous pericardium?
It covers the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium.
What is the heart used for?
To pump blood to every corner of the body.
What does the shape of the heart resemble?
A cone.
If the heart is shaped like a cone, where is the base located?
The base is located in the dorsal extremity of the heart.
If the heart is shaped like a cone, where is the apex or point located?
The apex is usually slanted off the the left and points both ventrally and caudally.
Where will large blood vessels enter the heart?
At the base.
What are the 2 surfaces of the heart known as?
The auricular surface.
The atrial surface.
What is the auricular surface of the heart?
The surface that faces towards the left thoracic wall.
The tips of both auricles face towards this side.
What is the atrial surface of the heart?
This surface that faces towards the right thoracic wall.
What are the 3 grooves of the heart?
The coronary groove.
The intra-ventricular groove.
Inter-ventricular grooves.
What is coronary groove also known as?
As the coronary sulcus.
Where is the coronary groove located?
It wraps around the base of the heart and lies between the atria and the ventricles.
What is found within the coronary groove?
Fat and some coronary vessels.
Where is the intra-ventricular groove found?
Between the right and left ventricles.
The intra-ventricular groove represents the approximate poasition of what feature of the heart?
The intra-ventricular septum.
What are the inter ventricular grooves?
2 other grooves that link the left and right ventricles
What are the names of the inter ventricular grooves?
The paraconal inter ventricular groove.
The subsinal inter ventricular groove.
Where is the paraconal intra-ventricular located?
On the left side of the subsinal inter ventricular groove.
Where is the subsinal intra-ventricular located?
On the dorsocaudal surface of the heart.
What are the 3 different tissue layers that make up the heart?
The epicardium (outermost layer).
The myocardium (middle layer).
The epicardium (innermost layer).
The epicardium makes up what layer of tissue within the heart?
The outermost layer.
What other layers of the heart are included in the epicardium?
The visceral layer of the serous pericardium.
What material is the epicardium made up of?
A thin, transparent later that surrounds the myocardium.
What is the myocardium composed of?
Cardiac muscle.
What layer of the heart makes up most of the heart?
The myocardium.
What layer of the heart is responsible for producing the pumping action that the heart is famous for?
The myocardium.
What layer of the heart is made up by the endocardium?
The innermost layer.
What is the endocardium made up of?
A thin layer of endothelium that surrounds the chambers of the heart.
The layer of endocardium is continuous with what lining?
It is continuous with the endothelial lining of the large blood vessels that enter the heart.
What major strucutres are found within the interior of the heart?
The 4 distinct chambers.
How are the 4 chambers of the heart arranged?
There are 2 dorsal cranial chambers that are known as atria.
There are 2 ventral chambers known as ventricles.
What do the 2 atrial chambers consist of?
The left and right atrium.
What are the auricles that are attached to the atria?
Ear like structures that serve to increase the carrying capacity of the atrium.
What is the structure that divides the left and right atria?
The inter-atrial septum.
What is the job of the atria?
To receive blood that has been transported to the heart by the veins from either from the lungs or the body.
The right atrium recieves blood from which 2 major veins?
The cranial veina cava and the caudal veina cava.
From where does the cranial vena cava bring blood into the right atrium?
It will drain all of the deoxygenated blood from the head and transport it back to the heart.
From where does the caudal vena cava bring blood into the right atrium?
The caudal veina cava drains deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body and returns it to the heart.
Where does all of the deoxygenated blood enter the heart?
At the right atrium.
What are the 2 areas that the right atrium is divided into?
The sinus venarum.
The right auricle.
What is the sinus venarum of the right atrium?
It is the main area of the right atrium.
What are the 4 main structures that can be found within the right atrium?
The coronary sinus.
Right atria ventricular orifice.
Fossa ovalis.
Pectinate muscles.
What is the coronary sinus of the right atrium?
It is the point of return for the coronary vein.
What is the function of the coronary vein?
It returns all of the deoxygenated blood that has been used by the heart.
Where is the cornonary sinus located in the right atrium?
It is located ventrally to the point where the caudal veina cava enters the heart.
What is right atria ventricular orifice of the right atrium?
An opening that lies between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
What is the fossa ovalis known as in a foetus?
The foramen ovale.
What is the function of the foramen ovale?
It allows blood to pass from the right atrium to the left atrium.
Where is the fossa ovalis located in the right atrium?
It is located caudally to the intravenous tubercle.
When does the foramen ovale disappear?
When the lungs develop within the foetus.
What happens when the foramen ovale disappears?
It is closed off and becomes known as the fossa ovalis.
What condition results if the formaen ovale does not close?
A hole in the heart.
What are the pectinate muscles of the right atrium?
An interlacing muscular band located on the internal wall of the right auricle and the right atrium.
What is the purpose of the pectinate muscles?
To give strength to the right auricle.
What are the 4 openings that are found within the right atrium?
The caudal veina cava.
The cranial veina cava.
The coronary sinus.
The right atria ventricular orifice.
Where does the right ventricle recieve blood from?
It receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium.
Where does the right ventricle pump blood towards?
Towards the lungs so that the blood can be re-oxygenated.
How does the blood pass from the right atrium to the right ventricle?
It will pass through the right atrioventricular orifice.
How is the flow of blood through the atrioventricular orifice controlled?
By the right atrioventricular valve that can open or shut.
What kind of valve is the right atrioventricular valve?
A tricuspid valve.
What does a tricuspid valve consist of?
3 flaps or cusps that are joined to a structure known as the chordae tendineae.
What are the 3 cusps that make up the right atrioventricular valve known as?
which are known as the parietal cusp and the septal cusp
What is the job of the atrioventricular valve?
To stop blood flowing back from the ventricles into the atrium.
How is the chordae tendinae of the right atrioventricular valve attached to the heart?
It is attached to the septal wall of the ventricle by 3 papillary muscles.
What is the trabeculae carneae that is found within the right ventricle?
It is a series of muscular irregularities in the walls of the ventricle.
What is the purpose of the trabeculae carneae?
To fortify the ventricle by adding strength.
What is trabecula septomarginalis of the right ventricle?
It is a muscular strand that crosses the lumen of the ventricle.
How does the trabecula septomarginalis cross the lumen of the ventricle?
It extends from the lumen of the septal wall to the parietal wall.
Where does the right ventricle terminate?
At the funnel shaped area that is known as the conus arterioles which gives rise to the pulmonary trunk.
Where is the pulmonary valve located?
In the pulmonary trunk.
Blood that is released from the right ventricle will travel through which valve?
The pulmonary valve
Blood that is released by the right ventricle will travel to what organ/organs?
To the lungs.
What is the shape and strucutre of the pulmonary valve?
It is semilunar in shape and consists of 3 semilunar cusps.
What is the job of the left atrium?
To receive oxygenated blood that arrives from the lungs.
The apex of the heart is formed by which chamber?
The left ventricle.
Where does the left atrium release blood into?
Into the left ventricle.
How does blood pass from the left atrium to the left ventricle?
It passes through the left atrioventricular orifice which is a valved opening between the 2 chambers.
What valve is found in the left atrioventricular orifice?
The left atrioventricular valve.
What kind of valve is the left atrioventricular valve?
A bicuspid or mitral valve that contains 2 cusps.
How does the left atrioventricular valve differ from the right left atrioventricular valve?
The right atrioventricular valve as the right valve contains 3 cusps and the left contains 2 cusps.
What shape is the left ventricle?
Conical.
How do the walls of the left and right ventricle differ?
The wall of the left ventricle is 3-4 times thicker than the wall of the right ventricle.
What muscles are found in the wall of the right ventricle?
2 large papillary muscles that will contract and send blood around the body.
Through what orifice will blood leave the left ventricle?
Through the aortic orifice which is located in the base of the heart.
When blood leaves the left ventricle, which blood vessel will it enter?
The aortic artery.
What valve is found in the aortic orifice?
The aortic valve.
How is the aortic valve constructed?
It consists of 2 semilunar cusps that are known as the right and left cusp.
How does the aortic valve differ from the pulmonary valve?
The pulmonary valve consists of 3 cusps and the aortic valve consists of 2 cusps.
What is the job of the aorta?
To carry oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.
What 2 blood vessels arise from the aorta immediately after it has left the heart?
The right and left coronary arteries.
What is the job of the right and left coronary arteries?
To deliver oxygenated blood to the heart.
Why is the pulmonary trunk artery unique?
It is the only arteries in the body to carry de-oxygenated blood.
What is the purpose of the pulmonary trunk artery?
To carry blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
Where is the ligamentum arteriosum located?
A feature that is found between the aorta and the pulmonary trunk.
What is the ligamentum arteriosum?
It the remnants of a structure called the foetal ductus arteriosus.
What was the purpose of the foetal ductus arteriosus?
It was a connective tissue that held the aorta and pulmonary trunk together during development.
All of the veins that drain the de-oxygenated blood from the heart will drain into what vein?
Into the great cardiac vein.
Where is the great cardiac vein located?
It circumnavigates the heart.
What is the function of the great cardiac vein located?
It transports all of the de-oxygnated blood from the heart into the coronary sinus.
What are the pulmonary veins responsible for?
For returning blood to the heart.
How are the pulmonary veins differentiated from each other?
By their names which are;
The caudal and cranial veina cava.
Where does the caudal veina cava flow into and where does it flow from?
It flows into the right atrium and is responsible for retuning de-oxygenated blood from the body.
Where does the cranial veina cava flow into and where does it flow from?
It is responsible for retuning oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
How do the veins enter the atria of the heart?
Through valveless openings, this means that the heart is always getting topped up with blood.
What kind of walls is the aorta built from?
Relatively thick walls as the blood that enters the aorta is under massive pressure.
Where do the major arteries of the body arise from?
From the aorta.
What is the portion of the aorta that leaves the heart known as?
The ascending aorta.
What direction will blood flow if it is in the ascending aorta?
Cranially.
What portion of the aorta is formed after the ascending aorta?
The aortic arch.
How does the ascending aorta form the aortic arch?
It doubles back on itself to forms a 180 degree turn, this forms the ascending aorta.
What portion of the aorta is formed after the aortic arch?
The descending aorta.
What are the 2 arteries that branch off the aorta at the aortic arch?
The left and right subclavian arteries.
Where does the right subclavian artery exit the aortic arch?
At a point that is known as the brachiocephalic trunk.
What is the braciocephalic trunk?
An arterial junction that gives rise to the right subclavian artery and to the left and right common carotid arteries.
What arteries will supply blood to the organs that are cranial to the heart?
The arteries of the brachiocephalic trunk and the left subclavian artery.
The descending aorta supplies blood to what areas of the body?
To all of the areas of the body that are caudal of the heart.
What are the 2 subcategories that the descending aorta is divided into?
The thoracic aorta.
The abdominal aorta.
What is the thoracic aorta?
The area of aorta that is in the thoracic area of the body.
What is the abdominal aorta?
The are of the aorta that is in the abdominal area of the body.
What are the 3 arteries that arise out of the thoracic aorta?
The oesophageal arteries.
The bronchial arteries.
The dorsal intercostal arteries.
Where does the abdominal aorta terminate?
At the 7th lumbar vertebrae.
What happens when the abdominal aorta terminates?
It divides into;
The right and left internal iliac.
The middle sacral arteries.
What are the 7 arteries that arise out of the abdominal aorta?
The unpaired celiac artery.
The unpaired cranial mesenteric artery.
The renal artery.
The testicular/ovarian artery.
The caudal mesenteric artery.
The deep circumflex iliac arteries.
The external iliac arteries.
