The Skeletal System. Thoracic Limb. Flashcards
1
Q
Define the appendicular skeleton?
A
The parts of the skeleton that make up the limbs.
2
Q
Define the caudal direction?
A
Towards the tail.
3
Q
Define the cranial direction?
A
Towards the head.
4
Q
Define the caudal direction?
A
Towards the back.
5
Q
Define the condyle?
A
The entire distal extremity of the humerus.
6
Q
Define the distal direction?
A
A structure that is further away from its root.
E.g. The hand is distal to the elbow.
7
Q
Define a fossa?
A
A shallow depression or hollow.
The plural is fossae.
8
Q
Define the suffix infra?
A
This suffix is used to describe that something is below something else.
9
Q
Define a lateral surgical plane?
A
Away from the midline of the body.
10
Q
Define a medial surgical plane?
A
Towards the midline of the body.
11
Q
Define the olecranon?
A
The entire proximal extremity of the ulna.
12
Q
Define the pelvic limb?
A
The hindlimb.
13
Q
Define the proximal direction?
A
When a structure being closer to its root or to the body.
E.g. The elbow is proximal to the hand.
14
Q
Define the prefix supra?
A
It is used when something is above something else.
15
Q
Define the thoracic limb?
A
The forelimb.
16
Q
Define the trochlea?
A
The entire distal extremity of the radius.
17
Q
Define a tubercle?
A
A raised area of the bone.
18
Q
Define a tuberosity?
A
A slightly elevated bump on a bone.
19
Q
Define the ventral direction?
A
Towards the underside of the body.
20
Q
What makes up the skeletal system?
A
All of the bones within the body.
21
Q
What is the main purpose of the skeletal system?
A
To give strength and support to the body as well as to assist the body with movement.
22
Q
Can the skeletal system be subdivided into smaller systems?
A
Yes.
E.g. The appendicular system, or the thoracic limb.
23
Q
What is the appendicular skeleton?
A
The bones that make up the limbs or appendages.
24
Q
What 2 subsystems make up the appendicular skeleton?
A
The thoracic limb and the pelvic limb.
25
What part of the body is the thoracic limb?
The forelimb.
26
What parts of the skeleton are found in the thoracic limb?
All of the bones that make up the limb and its section of the pectoral girdle.
27
What bones are found in the pectoral girdle of the thoracic limb?
Scapula.
Clavicle.
28
What is the clavicle?
It is a small oval plate that is not used for any special purpose as it is a remnant from an ancestor.
29
What 2 surfaces does the scapula consist of?
A lateral and a medial surface.
30
What shape is the scapula?
It is a flat bone with 2 surfaces and it has a rough triangular shape.
31
What are the 3 angles found on a scapula?
A cranial angle.
A caudal angle.
A ventral angle.
32
Where can the cranial angle of the scapula be found?
At the top of bone, opposite the neck of the scapula and it is where the cranial and dorsal edges meet.
33
Where can the caudal angle of the scapula be found?
It is where the dorsal and caudal borders meet and can be thought as being opposite to the cranial border.
34
Where can the distal end of the scapula be found?
It is where the bone of the leg (the humerus) will attach to the scapula.
35
What prominent feature can be found at the distal end of the scapula?
A large cavity which is used for attachment and is known as the glenoid cavity.
36
What is the most common site of dislocation within the scapula?
The glenoid cavity.
37
Where is the ventral angle of the scapula found?
It takes up the entire distal end which is where the cranial and caudal borders meet.
38
The glenoid cavity is found at what angle of the scapula?
On the ventral angle.
39
What is the neck of the scapula?
The point at which the bone begins to constrict (between the scapular notch and the acromion) is called the neck.
40
What is the strucutre of the lateral surface of the scapula?
It is divided into 2 equal fossae.
41
What are the 2 fossae that make up the lateral surface of the scapula and what sides are they on?
The supraspinous fossa which is on the cranial and ventral sides.
The infraspinous fossa which is on the caudal and dorsal sides.
42
What divides the 2 fossae on the lateral side of the scapula?
A shelf of bone which is known as the spine of the scapula.
43
What is the acromion strucutre that is found on the scapula?
It is the distal end of the spine of the scapiula and it is truncated or thickened.
44
What is the infraspinous fossa shaped like?
Like a triangle.
45
Which of the 2 fossae of the scapula is the uppermost fossa?
The supraspinous fossa is above the infraspinous fossa.
46
Which muscle mainly originates from the proximal part of the supraspinous fossa?
The supraspinatus muscle .
47
Which muscle mainly originates from the proximal part of the infraspinous fossa?
The infraspinatus muscle.
48
What are the 2 main features of the medial face of the scapula?
The serrated face of the scapula which has a jagged appearance.
The scapular fossa.
49
What on the medial face of the scapula is the serrated face of the scapula located?
At the cranial end of the bone.
50
What is the function of the serrated edge of the scapula?
It consists of a small rectangular area which is used by the serratus ventralis as a point of attachment.
51
What is the scapula fossa (on the medial face of the scapula) used for?
As a point of attachment for the subscapularis muscle.
52
How can the cranial border of the scapula be recognised?
By the fact that it contains a concave region, or dip which is known as the scapular notch.
53
Where is the cranial border found on the scapula?
Between the cranial angle and the caudal border.
54
Where is the dorsal border found on the scapula?
It extends from the cranial angle to the caudal angle.
55
Where is the caudal border found on the scapula?
The caudal border of the scapula runs from the caudal angle to the glenoid cavity and it is opposite the cranial border.
56
Where is the ventral angle of the scapula found?
It takes up the whole distal end and it is where the humerus from the limb will form the shoulder joint.
57
What are the 2 important anatomical features that are located within the ventral angle of the scapula?
The supraglenoid tubercle.
The infraglenoid tubercle.
58
What are the supragleniod and infraglenoid tubercles of the scapula?
They are elevated areas found near the glenoid cavity.
59
What tendon emerges from the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula?
The tendon for the the biceps brachii.
60
What tendon emerges from the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula?
The tendon for the long head of triceps and the teres minor muscles will arise from the infraglenoid tubercle.
61
Where is the infraglenoid tubercle located on the scapula?
On the caudal border, at the ventral angle.
62
What is the brachium region of the thoracic limb?
The upper portion of the limb, that runs between the shoulder and the elbow.
63
What bones are found in the brachium region of the thoracic limb?
The humerus.
64
How many different areas make up the humerus?
3 different areas.
65
What are the 3 different areas that make up the humerus?
The proximal end, which consists of the head and the neck of the humerus.
The body, which is made up of the long section of bone in the middle.
The distal end, which consists of the condyle.
66
What joint does the distal end of the humerus help to form?
The elbow joint.
67
What are all of the features that make up the distal end of the humerus are collectively known as?
The condyle.
68
Where is the radial fossa located on the humerus?
It is a slight depression on the cranial side of the distal extremity of the humerus.
69
What is the radial fossa of the humerus used for?
It is the location where the radius comes into contact with the humerus.
70
What is the depression found on the caudal side of the distal extremity of the humerus?
The olecranon fossa.
71
What is the articular surface of the distal extremity humerus?
It is the base of the bone which fits into the elbow joint.
72
How is the articular surface of the humerus formed?
It is unevenly divided by a low ridge.
73
What is on the medial and lateral sides of the low ridge on the articular surface of the humerus?
The area on the medial side of the ridge is known as the trochlea.
The area that is lateral to the ridge is known as the capitulum.
74
Where are the lateral and medial epicondyles of the humerus located?
At the distal end of the humerus.
75
What is the medial epicondyle of the distal end of the humerus made up of?
The bulge of bone that is closer to the body.
76
What does epicondyle mean?
Just above the body.
77
What is the lateral epicondyle of the distal end of the humerus made up of?
It is located away from the body and it is the bulge that it opposite the medial epicondyle.
78
What is the medial epicondyle of the humerus used for?
The attachment of flexor muscles.
79
What is the lateral epicondyle of the humerus used for?
For the attachment of extensor muscles.
80
What are the 4 features found on the proximal end of the humerus?
The head.
The neck.
Inter-tubercular groove (bicipital groove).
Greater and lesser tubercles.
81
Define the head of the humerus?
The part of the bone that fits into the glenoid cavity of the scapula.
82
What are the greater and lesser tubercles of the proximal end of the humerus?
They are 2 bulges of bone that are separated by a low ridge which is known as the inter tubercular-groove.
83
What part of the proximal extremity does the smaller tubercle form?
It combines with the intertubular groove to form the location for the tendon of origin of the biceps brachii.
84
What can be used to determine the lateral and medial sides of the humerus?
The features that make up the proximal and distal ends.
85
What side of the body will the greater tubercle be on?
It is always on the lateral aspect.
86
What side of the body will the head of the humerus be on?
It is always on the medial side of the bone as it connects the humerus to the body.
87
What is the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus?
It is a sightly raised area of bone that serves as a point of attachment for the deltoid muscle.
88
WHat is the deltoid tuberosity also known as?
The shaft of the humerus.
89
What is the anti-brachium of the thoracic limb?
It is the forearm.
90
What bones are found in the anti-brachium?
The radius.
The ulna.
91
What ends of the radius and ulna will help to form the elbow joint?
The proximal ends of the radius and ulna.
92
What does the distal end of the radius and ulna form?
The carpus (wrist).
93
How do the radius and ulna interact with each other?
They cross over each other meaning that one bone is medial to the other at one end and lateral at the other.
94
Is the proximal end of the ulna medial or lateral to the proximal end of the radius?
The proximal end of the ulna is medial to the proximal end of the radius.
95
Is the distal end of the ulna medial or lateral to the distal end of the radius?
The distal end of the ulna is lateral to the distal end of the radius.
96
What are the 3 major features at the proximal end of the radius?
Head.
Neck.
Tuberosity.
97
At its proximal end, is the radius lateral or medial to the ulna?
Lateral.
98
The proximal end of the radius interacts with what joint?
With the elbow joint where it will also interact with the humerus.
99
Where is the head of the radius found?
At the top of the proximal end.
100
What is formed by the head of the radius?
The bulge of bone that will fit into the elbow joint.
101
Where is the fovea capitis found on the radius?
On the head of the radius.
102
What is the fove capitis on the head of the radius?
It is a small oval shaped depression in the head and it articulates with the capitulum of the humerus.
103
What is articular circumference of the head of the radius?
It is the location where the radius articulates with the radial notch of the ulna.
104
Where is the radial tuberosity of the radius found?
Distal to the neck of the radius.
105
What is the function of the radial tuberosity of the radius?
It serves as the point of insertion for the biceps brachii and the brachialis muscles.
106
Is the body of the radius cylindrical?
No, it is slightly compressed.
As a result it has a cranial and caudal surface, along with a medial and lateral border.
107
Is the radius lateral or medial to the ulna at its distal end?
The radius is medial to the ulna at the distal end.
108
What joint does the distal end of the radius help to form?
The carpal joint or wrist.
109
What is the distal end of the radius collectively known as?
The trochlea.
110
What is found on the trochlea of the radius?
It contains the ulna notch on its lateral surface and the styloid process on the medial surface.
111
What is the function of the ulna notch on the distal end of the radius?
It is where the ulna will articulate with the radius.
112
Where will the styloid process be found on the distal end of the radius?
It projects out of the medial side of the bone.
113
How does the ulna cross the radius?
Obliquely.
114
Is the ulna or radius usually the longer bone?
The ulna bone is usually longer than the radius.
115
Is the ulna wider or narrower at its proximal or distal end?
The ulna tapers down from its proximal end, meaning that it is usually thicker at its proximal end than at its distal end.
116
What joint does the proximal end of the ulna help to form?
The elbow joint, along with the humerus and the radius.
117
What is the collective name for the proximal end of the ulna?
The olecranon.
118
What are the main features of the olecranon of the ulna?
Olecranon tuber.
Anconeal process.
119
Where is the olecranon tuber located on the ulna?
At the proximal end of the olecranon.
120
What does the olecranon tuber of the ulan help to form?
The top of the bone.
121
What is the anocneal process of the ulna?
It is a pointed area at the distal end of the olecranon and it extends out, away from the olecranon.
122
Is the trochlear notch part of the olecranon of the ulna?
No.
123
What is the function of the trochlear notch of the ulna?
It is where the ulna will articulate with the trochlea of the humerus.
124
Where is the medial and lateral coronoid process found in the thoracic limb?
At the proximal end of the ulna.
125
What bones will the distal end of the ulna articulate with?
With the accessory carpus.
126
What is the distal end of the ulna also known as?
The styloid process.
127
How does the styloid process of the ulna differ to the styloid process of the radius?
The styloid process of the ulna is lateral to the styloid process of the radius.
128
What is the styloid process of the radius also known as?
As the medial styloid process.
129
What bones are found in the thoracic forepaw of the dog?
The carpus (wrist).
The carpal digits.
130
Where is the carpus bone found?
Between the ante-brachium and the metacarpals.
131
How many bones form the carpus?
7 small, irregular bones thart are arranged into 2 rows, a proximal and distal row.
132
How many bones are found in the proximal row of the carpus?
3 bones.
133
Which bones are found in the proximal row of the carpus?
The intermedioradial carpal.
The ulnar carpal.
The accessory carpal.
134
What is the order of the 3 bones that make up the proximal row of the carpus from medial to lateral?
The intermedioradial carpal bone is the most medial of the 3 proximal bones.
The ulanr carpal bone is in the middle.
The accessory carpal is the most lateral.
135
Why can the accessory carpal bone of the proximal row of the carpus not be seen from a caudal or dorsal position?
As the 2 other bones overlap it.
136
Where can the accessory carpal bone of the proximal row of the carpus be viewed from?
The palmar side of the carpus.
137
What bone will the accessory carpal bone of the proximal row of the carpus articulate with?
With the styloid process of the ulna and the ulnar carpal bone.
138
What bone will the intermedioradial carpal bone of the proximal row of the carpus articulate with?
With the radius.
139
What bones make up the distal row of the carpus?
First carpal bone (1).
Second carpal bone (2).
Third carpal bone (3).
Fourth carpal bone (4).
140
What is the order of the 4 bones that make up the distal row of the carpus from medial to lateral?
The bones are numbered from medial to lateral, so 1 is the most medial and 4 is the most lateral.
141
What is the metacarpus region of the thoracic limb?
It can be described as the fingers or the toes of the animal.
142
How many bones are found in the metacarpal region of the thoracic limb?
5 bones that are known as metacarpals and they are numbered from medial to lateral.
143
What is the distal extremity of the metacarpal bone known as?
The head.
144
What is the proximal extremity of the metacarpal bone known as?
The base.
145
What will the proximal ends of the metacarpal bones interact with?
Their corresponding carpal bones, except for the 5th metacarpal which will interact with the 4th carpal bone.
146
What will the distal ends of the metacarpals interact with?
With the phalanges (fingers or toes).
147
If the 1st metacarpal of dogs always visible?
It is always visible in the forepaw, but it is rudimentary, ut is only visible sometimes on the hindpaw.
148
How can the forepaw of the dog always be recognised?
By the presence of the first metacarpal.
149
How many phalanges are there for each of the 4 main digits in the dog?
There are 3 phalanges for each of the 4 main digits.
150
What are the 3 phalanges that make up the canine digits?
The proximal phalanx.
The middle phalanx.
The distal phalanx.
151
What are the phalanges?
The bones that make up the fingers.
152
How are the proximal and middle phalanges constructed?
They have a proximal base, a body and a head that is the most distal feature.
153
How is the distal phalanx different from the proximal and middle phalanges?
It contains 2 features called the ungula crest and the ungual process.
154
Define the ungula crest that is found in the distal phalanx?
It is a band of bone that fits around the proximal portion of the claw.
155
Define the ungulal process that is found in the distal phalanx?
It is the conical extension of the distal phalanx to form the claw.
156
What features can often be used to differentiate the distal phalanx from the other 2 phalanges?
The ungual process and the ungula crest.
