The Axial Skeleton. Flashcards
Define a foramina?
The plural of foramen.
Define the thyoid apparatus?
The bones that suspend the tongue and the larynx.
Define the osteoclan?
A product of bones that helps to regulate bone formation and protects against obesity, glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus.
What are the 6 components of the axial skeleton?
The skull.
The hyoid apparatus.
The cartilage of the larynx.
Vertebral column.
Ribs.
Sternum.
What 3 functions do the bones of the axial skeleton used for?
Movement.
Support.
Protection.
How does the axial skeleton aid with movement?
Many of the skeletal muscles that allow for the movement of the limbs are attached to the axial skeleton.
How does the axial skeleton aid with support?
Many of these bones help to provide the framework that supports the body.
E.g. The ribcage supports the thoracic wall.
How does the axial skeleton aid with protection?
The bones help to protect many important organs within the body.
E.g. The skull protects the brain.
The bones that make up the skull can be divided into what 2 categories?
Those that make up the face and those that make up the cranium.
What are the 5 cranial bones that make up the skull?
The frontal bone.
The inter-parietal bone.
The temporal bone.
The occipital bone.
The parietal bone.
What are the 4 bones that make up the facial region of the skull?
Maxillary bone.
Parts of the frontal bone.
Incisive bones.
Nasal bone.
What is the hyoid apparatus?
A collection of bones that helps to stabilise the tongue and the larynx.
Where is the hyoid apparatus located relative to the skull?
Ventrally to the skull and the tongue.
What are the 5 bones that make up the hyoid apparatus?
The basihyoid.
The epihyoid.
The thyrohyoid.
The keratohyoid.
The stylohyoid.
What is the cartilage of the larynx also known as?
As the laryngeal cartilages.
Where is the cartilage of the larynx located relative to the hyoid apparatus?
Caudally.
What are the 4 different strucutres that make up the cartilage of the larynx?
The unpaired epiglottic cartilage.
The unpaired thyroid cartilage.
The paired arytenoid cartilage.
The unpaired cricoid cartilage.
What is the vocal fold that is located in the larynx used for?
For vocalisation.
What are the 2 folds that are located in the larynx?
The vocal fold.
The vestibular fold.
What is the vestibular fold that is located in the larynx used for?
It allows air to enter the airway, but prevents food and drink from entering the airway.
Where is the laryngeal ventricle located in the larynx?
In the lateral wall (thyroid cartilage) of dogs, pigs and horses.
What can the paralysis of the structures that surround the laryngeal ventricle can lead to?
A clinical condition known as roaring.
How does the vestibular fold of the larynx function in a normal situation?
The structures will open allowing air to pass to the lungs.
How does the vestibular fold of the larynx function when it is paralysed?
The structures will not open as they should and breathing will sound very laboured.
How many bones are found in the vertebral column?
Around 50 irregular vertebrae, however the exact number is species dependent.
What is the function of the vertebral column?
To protect the spinal cord and the root of spinal nerves.
It also aids in supporting the head and as a point of attachment for various muscles.
How many groups are the vertebrae of the spinal column arranged into?
Into 5 different groups.
What are the groups of the vertebral column arranged by?
According to their location within the the vertebral column.
What are the groups in the vertebral column?
Going from cranial to caudal, these groups are;
Cervical.
Thoracic.
Lumbar.
Sacral.
Caudal.
What is the vertebral formula?
It is used to identify how many individual vertebrae are located within a vertebral group.
How is the vertebral formula applied?
The first letter of the group is used, followed by the number of vertebrae in that group.
E.g. If a cervical group consists of 6 vertebrae then it will be represented as C6.
What is the vertebral formula for a dog?
C7, T13, L7, S3 and Cd 20.
What are the 7 strucutres that individual vertebrae can contain?
The body.
The vertebral arch.
Transverse process.
Spinous process.
Articular process.
Accessory process.
Mamillary process.
Of the 7 vertebral features, which one is found on every single vertebra?
The vertebral arch.
What is the body of a vertebra?
The large chunk of bone found on the ventral side of a dogs spine.
Where is the body of the vertebra located relative to the spine?
Below the spinal cord.
What feature does the body of the vertebra in the thoracic region contain?
The costal fovea which serves as a point of attachment for the ribs.
Where on the dorsal vertebrae is the costal fovea located?
At the dorsal extremity.
Which vertebrae will attach to the ribs?
Only the thoracic vertebrae.
What does the body on all vertebrae serve as a point of attachment for?
The intervertebral discs.
Are the bodies of the vertebrae the same size all the way down the spine?
As the spine proceeds from a cranial to caudal direction, the bodies of the vertebrae will increase in size.
What are the pedicles of a vertebra?
The region of that attaches the ventral region of the body to the dorsal half of the spine.
What is the function of the pedicles?
To protect each side of the spinal cord.
Where are the lamina located on a vertebra?
The lamina makes up the dorsal half of the vertebral foramen.
It lies on each side of the spinous process and proceeds to the medial side of the 2 facet joints.
What is the function of the lamina in the spinal column?
To protect the dorsal side of the spinal cord.
What is the spinous process that is found on a vertebra?
A single spur of bone that projects out of the middle of the lamina.
How are the spinous processes of different vertebrae attached to each other?
Each spinous process is attached by ligaments to the spinous process that is above and below.
