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Intro to Anatomy. > The Skeletal System. Appendicular Skeleton. Pelvic Limb. > Flashcards

The Skeletal System. Appendicular Skeleton. Pelvic Limb. Flashcards

1
Q

Define the carpal bones?

A

The bones in the forelimb that make up the paw, ankle and toes.

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2
Q

Define a collateral factor?

A

It aids with stability or security.

E.g. the collateral ligaments of the knee give extra stability to the knee.

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3
Q

Define the Os coxae?

A

Another name for the hipbone.

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4
Q

Define the patella?

A

The sesamoid bone found in the knee, specifically on the tendon of insertion of the large quadriceps femur muscle.

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5
Q

What is the largest sesamoid bone in the body?

A

The patella.

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6
Q

Define a ramus?

A

An arm like structure that project out of a bone.

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7
Q

Define the tarsal bones?

A

The bones in the hindlimb that make up the paw, ankle and toes.

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8
Q

Define a trochlea of the femur?

A

The entire distal extremity of the femur.

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9
Q

What limb is the pelvic limb?

A

The hindlimb.

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10
Q

What 5 areas does the pelvic limb consist of?

A

It’s half of the pelvic girdle.

The thigh (femur).

The stifle (knee joint).

The crus (leg).

The pes (hind paw).

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11
Q

Why is the pelvic girdle of divided into 2 halves?

A

One half for each leg.

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12
Q

How many bones are found in the pelvic girdle of the pelvic limb?

A

3 bones that form a single structure.

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13
Q

What 3 bones and single structure form the pelvic girdle of the pelvic limb?

A

The ilium.

The ischium.

The pubis.

The acetabular (structure not bone).

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14
Q

How do all the bones in the pelvic girdle help to form the hip bone or os coxae?

A

They are fused together and collectively form the hip bone (os coxae).

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15
Q

What makes up the largest section of the hip bone?

A

The ilium .

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16
Q

What half of the hip bone does the ilium make up?

A

The dorsal half.

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17
Q

Which bones form the ventral half of the hip bone?

A

The ischium makes up the caudal half.

The pubis makes up the cranial half.

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18
Q

When is the acetabula bone visible in a dog?

A

It is only visible in juveniles and it is invisible in adults.

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19
Q

What is the acetabulum of the hip bone?

A

It makes up the socket where the joint from the femur will help to form the hip joint.

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20
Q

How many surfaces and borders does the ilium of the hip bone have?

A

2 surfaces (medial and lateral) and 3 borders.

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21
Q

What is the wing of the ilium?

A

The most cranial part of the ilium that is much wider than the caudal part.

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22
Q

What is the narrower part of the ilium known as?

A

It is the caudal part of the bone and it is known as the body of the ilium.

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23
Q

What is the most caudal part of the hip bone?

A

The ischium.

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24
Q

What are the 4 features that make up the ischium of the hip bone?

A

A tuberosity.

A body.

A table.

A ramus.

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25
Q

What 3 structures does the ischium contribute to?

A

The acetabulum.

Obturator foramen.

Symphysis pelvis.

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26
Q

What is the opening that appears in each half of the pelvic girdle and allows for arteries to pass though and deliver blood to the legs?

A

The obturator foramen.

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27
Q

What is the symphysis pelvis?

A

The area that is found on the dorsal midline between the 2 hip joints.

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28
Q

How is the acetabulum formed?

A

The fusion of the 3 bones within the hip forms the acetabulum.

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29
Q

What bone will articulate with the acetabulum?

A

The head of the femur.

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30
Q

What will the medial part of pubis help to form?

A

The symphysis pelvis.

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31
Q

The lateral border of the pubis will border which 2 hip bones?

A

The ilium and the ischium.

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32
Q

What 2 features are found in the pubis of the hip bone?

A

A body.

2 rami (superior and inferior ramus).

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33
Q

Where is the body of the pubis located?

A

Cranially to the obturator foramen.

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34
Q

Where does the superior ramus extend from on the pubis?

A

From the body towards the ilium.

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35
Q

What is the superior ramus also known as?

A

The cranial ramus.

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36
Q

What does the superior ramus of the pubis help to form in the hip joint?

A

The acetabulum.

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37
Q

The bones of the pelvis surround what cavity?

A

The pelvic cavity.

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38
Q

The organs found in the pelvic cavity are essential to which medical disciplines?

A

Gynaecology.

Obstetrics.

Urology.

Gastroenterology.

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39
Q

What is the femur also known as?

A

The thigh bone.

40
Q

What is the largest or longest bone in the body?

A

The femur.

41
Q

What does the medial side of the proximal extremity of the femur consist of?

A

A large head that is used to attach the femur to the acetabular of the hip bone.

42
Q

What is the landmark on the head of the femur?

A

The fovea capitis.

43
Q

What is the fovea capitis on the head of the femur?

A

An indentation that is used for the attachment of a ligament.

44
Q

What landmark is lateral to the head of the femur?

A

The greater trochanter, which projects out, away from the bone.

45
Q

What muscles will attach to the greater trochanter of the femur?

A

The middle and deep gluteal muscles.

46
Q

What landmark is found between the greater trochanter and the head of the femur?

A

A depression that is known as the inter-trochanteric fossa.

47
Q

What muscles insert into the inter-trochanteric fossa?

A

It serves for the insertion of the gemeli and the external and internal obturator muscle.

48
Q

What is the lesser trochanter of the femur?

A

A projection of bone which is distal to both the greater trochanter and the head.

49
Q

Which muscle will attach to the lesser trochanter of the femur?

A

The iliopsoas muscle.

50
Q

What is the distal extremity of the femur known as?

A

It is collectively known as the trochlea.

51
Q

What does the trochlea of the humerus consist of?

A

A smooth groove which contains ridges on the cranial (anterior) side of the distal end of the femur.

52
Q

What is the trochlea of the femur responsible for?

A

For articulating with the patella.

53
Q

Are the caudal (posterior) and cranial (anterior) aspects of the femur the same?

A

No.

54
Q

What are the 2 landmarks of the caudal aspect of the distal end of the femur?

A

The medial and lateral condyles.

55
Q

What are the medial and lateral condyles of the femur continuous with?

A

The trochlea of the femur.

56
Q

What side of the distal end of the femur is the trochlea found on?

A

The caudal side.

57
Q

How can the 2 condyles of the distal end of the femur be orientated?

A

The medial epicondyle will always be on the same side as the head which is at the proximal end.

58
Q

What is the landmark that is found between the 2 condyles on the distal end of the femur?

A

The intercondylar fossa.

59
Q

What does the intercondylar fossa serve as a point of attachment for?

A

As a point of attachment for the cruciate ligaments.

60
Q

What are the 2 features that are found on the medial side of the medial condyle and on the lateral side of the lateral condyle?

A

The medial and lateral epicondyles.

61
Q

What do the medial and lateral epicondyles serve as a point of attachment for?

A

They serve for the attachment of the collateral ligaments of the stifle.

62
Q

What are the medial and lateral epicondyles?

A

Slight projections of bone which are above (proximal to) the condyles.

63
Q

What is on the caudal apect of each condyle of the femur?

A

A facet that serves as the resting place for a sesamoid bone called the fabella.

64
Q

Where are the fabella bones found?

A

Within or on the tendons of origin for the lateral and medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle.

65
Q

What is proximal to the 2 fabella sesamoid bones in the femur?

A

2 tuberosities.

66
Q

What muscles will arise from the 2 tuberosities that are proximal to the 2 fabella sesamoid bones in the femur?

A

The gastrocmeii muscle.

67
Q

What are the names of the 2 tuberosities that are proximal to the 2 fabella sesamoid bones in the femur?

A

The medial supraondylar tuberosity.

The lateral supracondylar tuberosity.

68
Q

How does the fabella sesamoid affect the tendon of the gastrocmeii muscle?

A

The fabella will relieve pressure on the tendon that forms the gastrocmeii muscle.

69
Q

What is found at the proximal extremity of the tibia?

A

An articular surface that flares out to articulate with the femur and helps to form the knee joint.

70
Q

What makes up the articular surface of the proximnal end tibia?

A

2 flat condyles called the medial and lateral condyles.

71
Q

How do the condyles of the tibia and femur interact with one another?

A

The 2 condyles on the distal extremity of the femur will interact with the 2 condyles on the proximal extremity of the tibia.

72
Q

What feature will separate the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia?

A

The intercondylar eminence.

73
Q

What is the tibial tuberosity of the tibia?

A

A small bulge of bone that emerges just distally of the lateral and medial condyles.

74
Q

What 3 muscles attach to the tibial tuberosity of the tibia?

A

The quadriceps femoris.

The biceps femoris.

The sartorius muscles.

75
Q

How is the distal end of the tibia shaped in its transverse section?

A

It is quadrilateral.

76
Q

What is the articular surface of the distal end of the tibia known as?

A

The cochlea.

77
Q

How is the cochlea of the distal end of the tibia constructed?

A

It contains 2 grooves that interact the ridges of the proximal trochlear of the tallus.

78
Q

What feature is at the most medial extrmeity of the cochlea of the tibia?

A

A pointed area called the medial malleolus.

79
Q

What is the most lateral part of the cohlea of the tibia responsible for?

A

It is the point at which the tibia will articulate with the fibula at the fibular notch.

80
Q

What bone will the fibula articulate with?

A

The fibula articulates with the tibia and its proximal and distal ends.

81
Q

What is the proximal end of the fibula known as?

A

The head.

82
Q

What is the distal end of the fibula known as?

A

The lateral malleolus.

83
Q

What is the middle section of the fibula known as?

A

The body.

84
Q

What can be used to orientate the tibia and fibula?

A

The 2 malleoli.

The lateral malleolus of the fibula will project away from the body.

The medial malleolus of the tibia projects towards the medial plane.

85
Q

What do the tarsal bones help to form?

A

The foot and the toes.

86
Q

How many tarsal bones are there?

A

7 tarsal bones arranged into 3 rows.

87
Q

What bones are found in the proximal row of the tarsus?

A

The calcaneus (medial).

The talus (lateral).

88
Q

What bones are found in the distal row of the tarsus?

A

4 bones that are numbered from 1 to 4 in a medial to lateral direction.

89
Q

How are the 4 bones of the distal row of the tarsus arranged?

A

The 1st, 2nd and 3rd bones are side by side and the 4th bone interacts with the calacaneus.

90
Q

Which bone separates the proximal and distal rows of the tarsus?

A

The central tarsal bone.

91
Q

What is the largest bone out of the calcaneus or the talus?

A

The calcaneus.

92
Q

What is the tuber calcanei of the calcaneus?

A

The long region at the proximal end of the bone.

93
Q

What is the point where the calcaneus starts to widen at its distal end known as?

A

The sustentaculum tali.

94
Q

What halves is the talus bone of the tarsus divided into?

A

A proximal half and a distal half.

95
Q

What is the proximal half of the talus bone known as?

A

The body and it contains the trochlea that will articulate with the tibia.

96
Q

What is the distal half of the talus bone known as?

A

The head and it will articulate with the central tarsal bone.

Intro to Anatomy. (12 decks)

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