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Year 2 - Endocrine > The Thyroid Gland > Flashcards

The Thyroid Gland Flashcards

1
Q

Thyroid gland sit at the base of the …… across the ………

A

larynx

trachea

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2
Q

the thyroid synthesises hormones. There are two physiologically active forms:

A

T3 (triiodothyronine)

T4 (thyroxine)

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3
Q

two cells types found in the thyroid gland

A

C (clear) cells

follicular cells

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4
Q

c (clear) cells secrete

A

calcitonin (Ca2+ regulating hormone)

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5
Q

Follicular cells support ………. ………. synthesis and surround the …… ………..

A

thyroid hormone

hollow follicles

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6
Q

thyroid follicles are spherical structures whose walls are made of

A

follicular cells

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7
Q

the centre of follicle is filled with

A

colloid

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8
Q

colloid contains 2-3 months supply of

A

TH

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9
Q

follicular cells manufacture the enzymes that make thyroid hormones as well as….

A

thyroglobulin

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10
Q

thyroglobulin is a large protein that is rich in ….

A

tyrosine residues

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11
Q

The enzymes and thyroglobulin are packages into vesicles and exported from the …. cells into the …….

A

follicular

colloid

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12
Q

follicular cells also have a role in concentrating ……..from the plasma and transporting it into the …….. where it combines with ………. residues to from the thyroid hormones.

A

iodide

colloid

tyrosine

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13
Q

both tyrosine and iodide are derived from the ………

A

diet

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14
Q

Iodide enters the follicular cells from the plasma via a ………/ ……. transporter (symport)

A

sodium/iodine

Na+/I-

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15
Q

The addition of one iodine to tyrosine gives

A

MIT

monoidotyrosine

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16
Q

The addition of one iodine to tyrosine gives

A

MIT

monoidotyrosine

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17
Q

The addition of two iodine to tyrosine gives

A

DIT

diiodotyrosine

18
Q

MIT + DIT –>

A

T3

19
Q

DIT + DIT –>

A

T4

20
Q

in response to …….., portions of the colloid are taken back up in to the follicular cell by endocytosis.

A

TSH

21
Q

Both T3 and T4 are ……… ……..and so pass across the follicular cell membrane into the plasma where they bind to plasma proteins, mainly ……….-………… ……….

A

lipid soluble

thyroxine-binding globulin

22
Q

Both T3 and T4 circulate in the …………

A

plasma

23
Q

in absence of TSH, thyroid hormones are stored in the ……….

A

colloid

24
Q

Most TH circulates in the form of protein bound ….. (~100nmoles/l)

A

T4

25
Q

The TH receptor has a much higher affinity for ….. than …… making …… 3-5 times more physiologically active than …..

A

T3

T4

T3

T4

26
Q

Around half the T4 is deiodinated in ………., the remaining fraction being deiodinated inside …….cells.

A

plasma

target

27
Q

The level of ……. activity can be altered at different times in different tissues to suit demand.

A

deiodinase

28
Q

what do glucocorticoids inhibit?

A

TSH and conversion of T4 to T3

29
Q

somatostatins inhibit

as well as GH

A

TSH

30
Q

TH bind to nuclear receptors in target cells, where they change transcription and translation to alter ……… ………….

A

protein synthesis

31
Q

TH raises metabolic ….. and promotes ……

A

rate

thermogenesis

32
Q

What does TH do to hepatic gluconeogenesis?

A

increases it

33
Q

TH allows for a net increase in what two processes?

A

lipolysis

proteolysis

34
Q

TH is essential for growth as it simtulates what?

A

GH receptor expression

35
Q

Hyperthyroidism causes:

A

Graves diseases

Thyroid adenoma

36
Q

Graves disease is characterized by antibodies that bind and mimic ……. and continually activate the …… ……

A

TSH

thyroid gland

37
Q

In graves disease, increased release of TH switches off……. released from the anterior pituitary

therefore - TSH in plasma is …..

A

TSH

low

38
Q

hyperthyroidism signs

A

weight loss/ heat tolerance

muscle weakness

hyper excitable reflexes

increased HR/ contractile force

39
Q

Hypothyroidism causes

A

hashimotos disease

Iodine deficiency

idiopathic (thyroiditis)

40
Q

hashimoto’s disease

A

autoimmune attack of the thyroid gland

41
Q

Hypothyroidism signs

A

weight gain/ cold tolerance

brittle nails/ thin skin

slow speech/reflexes / fatigue

slow heart rate/ weaker pulse

42
Q

Goitre formation may be caused by increased trophic action of …….. on thyroid ……. cells (hypothyroidism) or over-activity as a result of autoimmune disease (……. Disease)

A

TSH

follicular

Graves

Year 2 - Endocrine (21 decks)

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