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Year 2 - Endocrine > The adrenal Gland > Flashcards

The adrenal Gland Flashcards

1
Q

how are the adrenal glands peritonised?

A

retroperitoneal

they are in the retroperitoneal space

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2
Q

left adrenal vein drains into the ….

A

left renal vein

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3
Q

right adrenal vein drains into the …..

A

inferior vena cava

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4
Q

adrenal medulla is derived from

A

neural crest tissue

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5
Q

the adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines such as

A

epinephrine (adrenaline)

noradrenaline

dopamine

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6
Q

what percentage of the adrenal gland is the cortex?

A

75%

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7
Q

what percentage of the adrenal gland is the medulla?

A

25%

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8
Q

adrenal cortex is derived from the…..

A

mesoderm

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9
Q

what does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

3 classes of steroid hormones

mineralocorticoids

glucocorticoids

sex steroids

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10
Q

mineralocorticoids are involved in the regulation of

A

Na+ and K+

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11
Q

mineralocorticoid example

A

aldosterone

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12
Q

glucocorticoids are involved in maintaining

A

plasma glucose

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13
Q

glucocorticoid example

A

cortisol

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14
Q

cortex surrounds the ……… and is arranged in … concentric zones, producing different hormones.

A

medulla

3

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15
Q

zona golmerulosa secretes

A

aldosterone

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16
Q

zona fasciculata secretes

A

glucocorticoids

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17
Q

zona reticularis secretes

A

sex hormones

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18
Q

what are all steroid hormones derived from?

A

cholesterol

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19
Q

defects in 21-hydroxylase is a common cause of ….

A

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

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20
Q

congenital adrenal hyperplasia results in deficiency of….

A

aldosterone and cortisol

and associated disruption of salt and glucose balance.

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21
Q

cortisol influences …… metabolism

A

glucose

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22
Q

What stimulates formation of gluconeogenic enzymes in the liver thus enhancing gluconeogenesis and glucose production?

A

cortisol

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23
Q

Aldosterone acts on the …. …. of the …… to determine the levels of …….. reabsorbed and secreted

A

distal tubule

kidney

minerals

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24
Q

The secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex is primarily controlled by what complex reflex pathway that originates in the kidney?

A

Renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system

RAAS

25
Q

Increased aldosterone release ………….. Na+ (and H2O) retention and K+ ……………, resulting …………..blood volume and …………….blood pressure

A

simtulates

depletion

increased

increased

26
Q

Decreased aldosterone leads to a ………. in Na+ (and H2O) and ………… in[K+]plasma, resulting in …………blood volume and ………….blood pressure.
.

A

loss

increased

decreased

decreased

27
Q

Hypersecretion of cortisol leads to what condition?

A

Cushing’s syndrome or disease

28
Q

Hypersecretion of cortisol is most commonly due to a tumour where?

A

Adrenal cortex

or

pituitary gland

29
Q

Hypersecretion of cortisol from a tumour in the adrenal cortex is called:

A

cushing’s syndrome

30
Q

Hypersecretion of cortisol from a tumour in the pituitary gland is called:

A

Cushing’s disease

31
Q

Hyposecretion of cortisol can result in what condition?

A

addison’s disease

32
Q

Addison’s disease is the hyposecretion of all …. ….. ……

A

adrenal steroid hormones

33
Q

moon face is a common characteristic of which condition?

A

cushing’s disease

34
Q

CRH and ACTH release is promoted by what?

A

stress

35
Q

the adrenal medulla

Preganglionic specialised fibres terminate on specialised …………….cells in the adrenal medulla. These postganglionic fibres do not have …………..– instead they release their ………………(adrenaline) directly into the blood

A

specialised

postganglionic

axons

neurohormones

36
Q

Pheochromocytoma is a rare neuroendocrine tumour, found in adrenal ………..which results in excess………….

A

medulla

catecholamines

37
Q

Care is required when withdrawing glucocorticoid treatment due to enhanced …………. ………….. effects of exogenous cortisol.

A

negative feedback

38
Q

where is the adrenal gland located?

A

12th thoracic vertebra

39
Q

cortisol acts to oppose …..

A

insulin

40
Q

Increase in cortisol results in hypertension or hypotension?

A

hypertension

41
Q

decrease in cortisol results in hypertension or hypotension?

A

hypotension

42
Q

aldosterone increases the reabsorption of …… ions and promotes the excretion of ….. ions

A

Na+

K+

43
Q

What effect does an increase in aldosterone have on Blood pressure?

A

increases

44
Q

What effect does an increase in aldosterone have on plasma K+?

A

decreases it

45
Q

What effect does an increase in aldosterone have on Na+ ions?

A

increases

46
Q

What effect does an increase in aldosterone have on Blood volume?

A

increases

47
Q

What effect does a decrease in aldosterone have on Blood volume?

A

decreases it

48
Q

What effect does a decrease in aldosterone have on Blood pressure?

A

decreases it

49
Q

What effect does a decrease in aldosterone have on plasma K+ ions?

A

increases them

50
Q

What effect does a decrease in aldosterone have on water retention?

A

decreases it

51
Q

What effect does a decrease in aldosterone have on Na+ ions?

A

decreases them

52
Q

What effect does an increase in aldosterone have on H2O retention?

A

increases it

53
Q

addison’s disease is due to

A

autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex

54
Q

ACTH and CRH elevation is promoted by

A

stress

55
Q

Cortisol is made from….

A

cholesterol

56
Q

CRH stimulates ….. release from the anterior pituitary

A

ACTH

57
Q

ACTH acts on what to synthesise what?

A

adrenal cortex

cortisol

58
Q

What effect does an increase in cortisol have on the immune system?

A

decreases it

Year 2 - Endocrine (21 decks)

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