The adrenal Gland

Question 1

how are the adrenal glands peritonised?

Answer 1

retroperitoneal

they are in the retroperitoneal space

Question 2

left adrenal vein drains into the ….

Answer 2

left renal vein

Question 3

right adrenal vein drains into the …..

Answer 3

inferior vena cava

Question 4

adrenal medulla is derived from

Answer 4

neural crest tissue

Question 5

the adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines such as

Answer 5

epinephrine (adrenaline)

noradrenaline

dopamine

Question 6

what percentage of the adrenal gland is the cortex?

Answer 6

75%

Question 7

what percentage of the adrenal gland is the medulla?

Answer 7

25%

Question 8

adrenal cortex is derived from the…..

Answer 8

mesoderm

Question 9

what does the adrenal cortex secrete?

Answer 9

3 classes of steroid hormones

mineralocorticoids

glucocorticoids

sex steroids

Question 10

mineralocorticoids are involved in the regulation of

Answer 10

Na+ and K+

Question 11

mineralocorticoid example

Answer 11

aldosterone

Question 12

glucocorticoids are involved in maintaining

Answer 12

plasma glucose

Question 13

glucocorticoid example

Answer 13

cortisol

Question 14

cortex surrounds the ……… and is arranged in … concentric zones, producing different hormones.

Answer 14

medulla

3

Question 15

zona golmerulosa secretes

Answer 15

aldosterone

Question 16

zona fasciculata secretes

Answer 16

glucocorticoids

Question 17

zona reticularis secretes

Answer 17

sex hormones

Question 18

what are all steroid hormones derived from?

Answer 18

cholesterol

Question 19

defects in 21-hydroxylase is a common cause of ….

Answer 19

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Question 20

congenital adrenal hyperplasia results in deficiency of….

Answer 20

aldosterone and cortisol

and associated disruption of salt and glucose balance.

Question 21

cortisol influences …… metabolism

Answer 21

glucose

Question 22

What stimulates formation of gluconeogenic enzymes in the liver thus enhancing gluconeogenesis and glucose production?

Answer 22

cortisol

Question 23

Aldosterone acts on the …. …. of the …… to determine the levels of …….. reabsorbed and secreted

Answer 23

distal tubule

kidney

minerals

Question 24

The secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex is primarily controlled by what complex reflex pathway that originates in the kidney?

Answer 24

Renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system

RAAS

Question 25

Increased aldosterone release .............. Na+ (and H2O) retention and K+ ..............., resulting ..............blood volume and ................blood pressure

Answer 25

simtulates depletion increased increased

Question 26

Decreased aldosterone leads to a .......... in Na+ (and H2O) and ............ in[K+]plasma, resulting in ............blood volume and .............blood pressure. .

Answer 26

loss increased decreased decreased

Question 27

Hypersecretion of cortisol leads to what condition?

Answer 27

Cushing's syndrome or disease

Question 28

Hypersecretion of cortisol is most commonly due to a tumour where?

Answer 28

Adrenal cortex or pituitary gland

Question 29

Hypersecretion of cortisol from a tumour in the adrenal cortex is called:

Answer 29

cushing's syndrome

Question 30

Hypersecretion of cortisol from a tumour in the pituitary gland is called:

Answer 30

Cushing's disease

Question 31

Hyposecretion of cortisol can result in what condition?

Answer 31

addison's disease

Question 32

Addison’s disease is the hyposecretion of all .... ..... ......

Answer 32

adrenal steroid hormones

Question 33

moon face is a common characteristic of which condition?

Answer 33

cushing's disease

Question 34

CRH and ACTH release is promoted by what?

Answer 34

stress

Question 35

the adrenal medulla Preganglionic specialised fibres terminate on specialised ................cells in the adrenal medulla. These postganglionic fibres do not have ..............– instead they release their ..................(adrenaline) directly into the blood

Answer 35

specialised postganglionic axons neurohormones

Question 36

Pheochromocytoma is a rare neuroendocrine tumour, found in adrenal ...........which results in excess.............

Answer 36

medulla catecholamines

Question 37

Care is required when withdrawing glucocorticoid treatment due to enhanced ............. .............. effects of exogenous cortisol.

Answer 37

negative feedback

Question 38

where is the adrenal gland located?

Answer 38

12th thoracic vertebra

Question 39

cortisol acts to oppose .....

Answer 39

insulin

Question 40

Increase in cortisol results in hypertension or hypotension?

Answer 40

hypertension

Question 41

decrease in cortisol results in hypertension or hypotension?

Answer 41

hypotension

Question 42

aldosterone increases the reabsorption of ...... ions and promotes the excretion of ..... ions

Answer 42

Na+ K+

Question 43

What effect does an increase in aldosterone have on Blood pressure?

Answer 43

increases

Question 44

What effect does an increase in aldosterone have on plasma K+?

Answer 44

decreases it

Question 45

What effect does an increase in aldosterone have on Na+ ions?

Answer 45

increases

Question 46

What effect does an increase in aldosterone have on Blood volume?

Answer 46

increases

Question 47

What effect does a decrease in aldosterone have on Blood volume?

Answer 47

decreases it

Question 48

What effect does a decrease in aldosterone have on Blood pressure?

Answer 48

decreases it

Question 49

What effect does a decrease in aldosterone have on plasma K+ ions?

Answer 49

increases them

Question 50

What effect does a decrease in aldosterone have on water retention?

Answer 50

decreases it

Question 51

What effect does a decrease in aldosterone have on Na+ ions?

Answer 51

decreases them

Question 52

What effect does an increase in aldosterone have on H2O retention?

Answer 52

increases it

Question 53

addison's disease is due to

Answer 53

autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex

Question 54

ACTH and CRH elevation is promoted by

Answer 54

stress

Question 55

Cortisol is made from....

Answer 55

cholesterol

Question 56

CRH stimulates ..... release from the anterior pituitary

Answer 56

ACTH

Question 57

ACTH acts on what to synthesise what?

Answer 57

adrenal cortex cortisol

Question 58

What effect does an increase in cortisol have on the immune system?

Answer 58

decreases it