Pathology of the endocrine system

Question 1

atrophy

Answer 1

diminution of cells due to lack of stimulation

Question 2

tissue damage in the endocrine system

Answer 2

inflammation

autoimmune disease

compression

trauma

infarction

Question 3

What does calcitonin regulate?

Answer 3

calcium homeostasis

Question 4

Grave’s disease involves the autoimmune production of ……… ….. ……… …….

Answer 4

anti-TSH receptor antibodies

Question 5

5 main causes of hypothyroidism

Answer 5

hashimotos thyroiditis

auto-immune destruction

Iatrogenic (surgery drugs)

iodine deficiency

congenital hypothyroidism

Question 6

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is the autoimmune destruction of what?

Answer 6

thyroid epithelial cells

Question 7

two types of differentiated thyroid carcinoma

Answer 7

papillary

follicular

Question 8

investigation used in thyroid nodules

Answer 8

cytology

Question 9

how many parathyroid glands are there?

Answer 9

4

Question 10

what do the parathyroid glands produce?

Answer 10

PTH

Question 11

3 main cell types found in anterior pituitary?

histological slide

Answer 11

acidophils

basophils

chromophobes

Question 12

what do basophils secrete?

Answer 12

ACTH

TSH

FSH

LH

Question 13

What do acidophils secrete?

Answer 13

GH

PRL

Question 14

Common ACTH secreting abnormality

Answer 14

cushing’s disease

Question 15

common GH secreting abnormalties

Answer 15

gigantism

acromegaly

Question 16

Prolactinoma can lead to

Answer 16

menstrual disorders

galactorrhoea

Question 17

Adrenal cortex secretes what hormones?

Answer 17

steroid hormones

Question 18

zona glomerulosa within the adrenal gland secretes what?

Answer 18

mineralocorticoids

aldosterone

Question 19

zona fasciculata within the adrenal gland secretes what?

Answer 19

glucocorticoids

cortisol

Question 20

zona reticularis within the adrenal gland secretes what?

Answer 20

sex steroids

oestrogen

androgens

Question 21

Adrenal medulla secretes what?

Answer 21

adrenaline

noradrenaline

Question 22

Adrenal medulla is made up of what type of cells?

Answer 22

neuroendocrine (chromaffin) cells

Question 23

Hyperaldosteronism also known as

Answer 23

Conn’s disease

Question 24

Hypercortisolism is also known as

Answer 24

cushing’s syndrome

Question 25

4 causes of hypercortisolism | cushing's syndrome

Answer 25

exogenous (iatrogenic steroids) endogenous ACTH dependent ACTH independent

Question 26

2 causes of hyperaldosteronism | conn's syndrome

Answer 26

bilateral idiopathic hyperplasia adrenal adenoma

Question 27

acute adrenal Insufficiency leading to destruction of glands leads to ........ .........

Answer 27

meningococcal septicaemia

Question 28

Addison's disease causes that are infections:

Answer 28

TB HIV related infections

Question 29

Addison's disease causes that are atrophy:

Answer 29

prolonged steroid therapy

Question 30

congenital hypoplasia of the adrenal glands can lead to what condition?

Answer 30

addison's disease

Question 31

Adrenal Medullary Tumour example

Answer 31

PHAEOCHROMOCYTOMA

Question 32

From what cells do a Pheochromocytoma originate?

Answer 32

chromaffin cells

Question 33

Pheochromocytoma can secrete abnormal levels of what?? and what does this consequently result in?

Answer 33

catecholamines hypertension

Question 34

What does MEN stand for?

Answer 34

multiple endocrine neoplasia

Question 35

MENs are what kind of disorders?

Answer 35

inherited

Question 36

What is MEN1 also known as?

Answer 36

Wermer Syndrome

Question 37

MEN1 is a result of what?

Answer 37

MEN1 tumour suppressor gene mutation defect in menin protein involved in regulating cell growth

Question 38

MEN1 (or wermer syndrome) can result in what?

Answer 38

parathyroid hyperplasia and adenomas pancreatic and duodenal endocrine tumours pituitary adenomas

Question 39

MEN 2 is can be what type of tumour?

Answer 39

Medullary carcinoma of thyroid Phaeochromocytoma

Question 40

What is MEN2?

Answer 40

proto-oncogene mutation

Question 41

What can MEN 2A give?

Answer 41

parathyroid hyperplasia

Question 42

pituitary hyperfunction is usually always due to

Answer 42

pituitary adenoma

Question 43

ACTH dependent cushings is in what gland?

Answer 43

pituitary

Question 44

ACTH independent cushings is in what gland?

Answer 44

adrenal