Pathology of the endocrine system Flashcards
atrophy
diminution of cells due to lack of stimulation
tissue damage in the endocrine system
inflammation
autoimmune disease
compression
trauma
infarction
What does calcitonin regulate?
calcium homeostasis
Grave’s disease involves the autoimmune production of ……… ….. ……… …….
anti-TSH receptor antibodies
5 main causes of hypothyroidism
hashimotos thyroiditis
auto-immune destruction
Iatrogenic (surgery drugs)
iodine deficiency
congenital hypothyroidism
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is the autoimmune destruction of what?
thyroid epithelial cells
two types of differentiated thyroid carcinoma
papillary
follicular
investigation used in thyroid nodules
cytology
how many parathyroid glands are there?
4
what do the parathyroid glands produce?
PTH
3 main cell types found in anterior pituitary?
histological slide
acidophils
basophils
chromophobes
what do basophils secrete?
ACTH
TSH
FSH
LH
What do acidophils secrete?
GH
PRL
Common ACTH secreting abnormality
cushing’s disease
common GH secreting abnormalties
gigantism
acromegaly
Prolactinoma can lead to
menstrual disorders
galactorrhoea
Adrenal cortex secretes what hormones?
steroid hormones
zona glomerulosa within the adrenal gland secretes what?
mineralocorticoids
aldosterone
zona fasciculata within the adrenal gland secretes what?
glucocorticoids
cortisol
zona reticularis within the adrenal gland secretes what?
sex steroids
oestrogen
androgens
Adrenal medulla secretes what?
adrenaline
noradrenaline
Adrenal medulla is made up of what type of cells?
neuroendocrine (chromaffin) cells
Hyperaldosteronism also known as
Conn’s disease
Hypercortisolism is also known as
cushing’s syndrome
4 causes of hypercortisolism
cushing’s syndrome
exogenous (iatrogenic steroids)
endogenous
ACTH dependent
ACTH independent
2 causes of hyperaldosteronism
conn’s syndrome
bilateral idiopathic hyperplasia
adrenal adenoma
acute adrenal Insufficiency leading to destruction of glands leads to …….. ………
meningococcal septicaemia
Addison’s disease causes that are infections:
TB
HIV related infections
Addison’s disease causes that are atrophy:
prolonged steroid therapy
congenital hypoplasia of the adrenal glands can lead to what condition?
addison’s disease
Adrenal Medullary Tumour example
PHAEOCHROMOCYTOMA
From what cells do a Pheochromocytoma originate?
chromaffin cells
Pheochromocytoma can secrete abnormal levels of what??
and what does this consequently result in?
catecholamines
hypertension
What does MEN stand for?
multiple endocrine neoplasia
MENs are what kind of disorders?
inherited
What is MEN1 also known as?
Wermer Syndrome
MEN1 is a result of what?
MEN1 tumour suppressor gene mutation defect in menin protein involved in regulating cell growth
MEN1 (or wermer syndrome) can result in what?
parathyroid hyperplasia and adenomas
pancreatic and duodenal endocrine tumours
pituitary adenomas
MEN 2 is can be what type of tumour?
Medullary carcinoma of thyroid
Phaeochromocytoma
What is MEN2?
proto-oncogene mutation
What can MEN 2A give?
parathyroid hyperplasia
pituitary hyperfunction is usually always due to
pituitary adenoma
ACTH dependent cushings is in what gland?
pituitary
ACTH independent cushings is in what gland?
adrenal
