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Year 2 - Endocrine > Pathology of the endocrine system > Flashcards

Pathology of the endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

atrophy

A

diminution of cells due to lack of stimulation

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2
Q

tissue damage in the endocrine system

A

inflammation

autoimmune disease

compression

trauma

infarction

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3
Q

What does calcitonin regulate?

A

calcium homeostasis

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4
Q

Grave’s disease involves the autoimmune production of ……… ….. ……… …….

A

anti-TSH receptor antibodies

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5
Q

5 main causes of hypothyroidism

A

hashimotos thyroiditis

auto-immune destruction

Iatrogenic (surgery drugs)

iodine deficiency

congenital hypothyroidism

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6
Q

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is the autoimmune destruction of what?

A

thyroid epithelial cells

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7
Q

two types of differentiated thyroid carcinoma

A

papillary

follicular

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8
Q

investigation used in thyroid nodules

A

cytology

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9
Q

how many parathyroid glands are there?

A

4

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10
Q

what do the parathyroid glands produce?

A

PTH

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11
Q

3 main cell types found in anterior pituitary?

histological slide

A

acidophils

basophils

chromophobes

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12
Q

what do basophils secrete?

A

ACTH

TSH

FSH

LH

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13
Q

What do acidophils secrete?

A

GH

PRL

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14
Q

Common ACTH secreting abnormality

A

cushing’s disease

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15
Q

common GH secreting abnormalties

A

gigantism

acromegaly

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16
Q

Prolactinoma can lead to

A

menstrual disorders

galactorrhoea

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17
Q

Adrenal cortex secretes what hormones?

A

steroid hormones

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18
Q

zona glomerulosa within the adrenal gland secretes what?

A

mineralocorticoids

aldosterone

19
Q

zona fasciculata within the adrenal gland secretes what?

A

glucocorticoids

cortisol

20
Q

zona reticularis within the adrenal gland secretes what?

A

sex steroids

oestrogen

androgens

21
Q

Adrenal medulla secretes what?

A

adrenaline

noradrenaline

22
Q

Adrenal medulla is made up of what type of cells?

A

neuroendocrine (chromaffin) cells

23
Q

Hyperaldosteronism also known as

A

Conn’s disease

24
Q

Hypercortisolism is also known as

A

cushing’s syndrome

25
Q

4 causes of hypercortisolism

cushing’s syndrome

A

exogenous (iatrogenic steroids)

endogenous

ACTH dependent

ACTH independent

26
Q

2 causes of hyperaldosteronism

conn’s syndrome

A

bilateral idiopathic hyperplasia

adrenal adenoma

27
Q

acute adrenal Insufficiency leading to destruction of glands leads to …….. ………

A

meningococcal septicaemia

28
Q

Addison’s disease causes that are infections:

A

TB

HIV related infections

29
Q

Addison’s disease causes that are atrophy:

A

prolonged steroid therapy

30
Q

congenital hypoplasia of the adrenal glands can lead to what condition?

A

addison’s disease

31
Q

Adrenal Medullary Tumour example

A

PHAEOCHROMOCYTOMA

32
Q

From what cells do a Pheochromocytoma originate?

A

chromaffin cells

33
Q

Pheochromocytoma can secrete abnormal levels of what??

and what does this consequently result in?

A

catecholamines

hypertension

34
Q

What does MEN stand for?

A

multiple endocrine neoplasia

35
Q

MENs are what kind of disorders?

A

inherited

36
Q

What is MEN1 also known as?

A

Wermer Syndrome

37
Q

MEN1 is a result of what?

A

MEN1 tumour suppressor gene mutation defect in menin protein involved in regulating cell growth

38
Q

MEN1 (or wermer syndrome) can result in what?

A

parathyroid hyperplasia and adenomas

pancreatic and duodenal endocrine tumours

pituitary adenomas

39
Q

MEN 2 is can be what type of tumour?

A

Medullary carcinoma of thyroid

Phaeochromocytoma

40
Q

What is MEN2?

A

proto-oncogene mutation

41
Q

What can MEN 2A give?

A

parathyroid hyperplasia

42
Q

pituitary hyperfunction is usually always due to

A

pituitary adenoma

43
Q

ACTH dependent cushings is in what gland?

A

pituitary

44
Q

ACTH independent cushings is in what gland?

A

adrenal

Year 2 - Endocrine (21 decks)

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