Introduction to the Endocrine System

Question 1

Chemicals that act locally at the site of synthesis (do not travel to distant sites) are….

Answer 1

paracrine

Question 2

chemicals that act on the same cell that synthesises the hormone (eg cytokines) are……

Answer 2

autocrine

Question 3

chemical that are released from exocrine glands via ducts to the external environment are …..

Answer 3

exocrine

Question 4

neuro hormones are released from…… and then they enter blood and travel to their target cells

Answer 4

nerves

Question 5

insulin acts on the liver and increases…. and decreases…..

Answer 5

glycogenesis

gluconeogenesis

Question 6

cells that secrete chemical that bind to receptors on the same cell act in response to …….. signals

Answer 6

autocrine

Question 7

Chemicals diffuse in ECF to affect the neighbouring cells are in response to …… signals

Answer 7

paracrine

Question 8

endocrine hormones have their action terminated - often via…. ….. ….

Answer 8

negative feedback loops

Question 9

peptide (or protein) hormones are composed of

Answer 9

chains of amino acids

these are the most common type of hormone

Question 10

Amine hormones are derived from

Answer 10

one of 2 amino acids

Question 11

what are the 2 amino acids that amine hormones come from?

Answer 11

tyrosine and tryptophan

Question 12

Steroid hormones are derived from

Answer 12

cholesterol

Question 13

3 examples of peptide hormones

Answer 13

FSH

TRH

insulin

Question 14

Peptide hormones are synthesised as

Answer 14

preprohormones

then prohormones that are kept in vesicles til use

Question 15

Measuring inactive fragments in plasma can be useful clinically - give an example used in diabetes

Answer 15

C-peptide

Question 16

what is C-peptide?

Answer 16

the inactive fragment from the insulin prohormone

Question 17

levels of C-peptide are used to measure

Answer 17

endogenous insulin production from the pancreas

Question 18

peptide hormones are water soluble so dissolved easily in …..

Answer 18

plasma

making transport via the blood simple and easy

Question 19

generally - peptide hormones binding to receptors generally create …… biological responses

Answer 19

fast

Question 20

most peptide hormones work via modulating what two signalling pathways?

Answer 20

GPCR

tyrosine kinase linked signalling pathways

Question 21

therefore hydrophilic or lipophilic peptides bind to cell surface receptors that are either

Answer 21

GPCR

or

Tyrosine Kinase Linked Receptor

Question 22

G-protein coupled receptor binding is a …… response

Answer 22

rapid

Question 23

GPCR activates 2nd messenger and/or ion channels leading to

Answer 23

modification of existing proteins

Question 24

Tyrosine kinase linked receptor alters

Answer 24

gene expression

Question 25

tyrosine kinase linked receptor binding is a ....... response

Answer 25

slower/ longer lasting

Question 26

amine hormones are mostly derived from what AA?

Answer 26

tyrosine

Question 27

unlike other hormones, steroid hormones are synthesised directly as needed, rather than being

Answer 27

stored and released

Question 28

What gland secretes oxytocin and vasopressin?

Answer 28

posterior pituitary

Question 29

GH is also known as

Answer 29

somatotropin

Question 30

what hormones does the anterior pituitary release?

Answer 30

prolactin FSH LH TSH ACTH GH

Question 31

what organ does GH act on?

Answer 31

liver

Question 32

What does ACTH act on?

Answer 32

adrenal cortex

Question 33

What does the parathyroid hormone do?

Answer 33

acts on the bone and kidney regulates calcium and phosphate levels in the plasma

Question 34

What hormone does the liver produce?

Answer 34

Insulin like growth factor 1

Question 35

What are the 3 main hormones secreted from the pancreas?

Answer 35

insulin glucagon somatostatin (GHIH)

Question 36

What are the two hormones secreted from the adrenal cortex?

Answer 36

aldosterone cortisol

Question 37

What does cortisol regulate?

Answer 37

stress

Question 38

What does aldosterone regulate? where?

Answer 38

Na+ and K+ homeostasis in the kidneys

Question 39

What hormones are produced in the adrenal medulla?

Answer 39

epinephrine norepinephrine

Question 40

What hormone does the kidney produce? what is its purpose?

Answer 40

erythropoietin RBC production