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Exam 2 > The Thorax Wall and Pleura > Flashcards

The Thorax Wall and Pleura Flashcards

1
Q

What lies opposite the ventral end of the 1st rib?

A

shoulder joint

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2
Q

The borders of the T1 vertebra, longus Colli m, first pair of ribs, and nandibrum creates?

A

thoracic inlet

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3
Q

The borders of the last thoracic vertebra, last pair of ribs, costal arch, xiphoid, and diaphragm creates?

A

thoracic outlet

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4
Q

Fills up the intercostal space up to the costochondral joint, fibers run caudoventrally.

A

External intercostal mm

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5
Q

Fills up the intercostal space up to the sternum, fibers run cranioventrally.

A

Internal intercostal mm

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6
Q

Which muscles act to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity through pulling the ribs craniodorsally and widening them?

A

inspiratory muscles

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7
Q

What is the muscle fiber direction and insertion site of inspiratory muscles on the ribs?

A

caudoventral

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8
Q

What are the 6 inspiratory muscles?

A

external intercostal, serrates dorsals cranialis, scalenus, rectus thoracic, diaphragm

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9
Q

Which nerves innervate the inspiratory and expiratory muscles?

A

ventral branches of intercostal nerves

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10
Q

What are the 3 expiratory muscles?

A

internal intercostal, serrates dorsalis caudalis, transverse thoracis

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11
Q

Which muscles act to decrease the volume within the thoracic cavity by pulling the ribs caudally?

A

expiratory muscles

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12
Q

What is the muscle fiber direction and insertion site of expiratory muscles on the ribs?

A

fibers are directed cranioventral from the cranial boarder of ribs to insert on the caudal border of the preceding ribs

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13
Q

What is a common site for cardiac related surgeries?

A

Lt 4th intercostal space and intercostal VAN

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14
Q

What is the common site for pericardiocentesis?

A

Rt 4th, 5th, or 6th intercostal space (cardiac notch) ventral to the costochondral joint

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15
Q

What are the ventral branches of thoracic spinal nerves?

A

intercostal nerves

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16
Q

What are the dorsal intercostal veins?

A

Azygous v.

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17
Q

What are the ventral intercostal veins?

A

Internal thoracic v.

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18
Q

Why should you avoid the caudal border of a rib when inserting a needle or drainage tube into the thoracic cavity?

A

ICS VAN runs along the caudal border of each rib, poor placement can cause hemorrhage and pain

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19
Q

What can be used to control post thoracotomy pain?

A

intercostal nerve blocks

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20
Q

Why must a minimum of two or three surrounding nerves also be blocked post-thoracotomy?

A

overlapping nerve supply

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21
Q

What is the connective tissue lining the thoracic wall outside of the parietal pleura, as well as the connective tissue of the mediastinum?

A

Endothoracic fascia

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22
Q

In the middle mediastinum the endothoracic fascia becomes dense and forms the?

A

fibrous pericardium

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23
Q

What is the main inspiratory muscle which is innervated by the phrenic nerve, dome shaped with the convex cranially?

A

diaphragm

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24
Q

What is the most cranial portion of the diaphragm?

A

diaphragmatic cupula

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25
Q

Traumatic diaphragmatic ruptures in dogs and cats (typically automobile accidents) usually involve which part?

A

costal part (high mortality), liver typically herniates due to its position and attachment

26
Q

What condition causes the stomach to prolapse into the thoracic cavity?

A

hiatal hernia at the esophageal hiatus

27
Q

What is the consequence of losing one phrenic nerves?

A

Losing one or both has minimal effect on an animals ability to breath, however over time hypertrophy of other intercostal and inspiratory muscles with occur to compensate for the paralyzed diaphragm

28
Q

What is the serous membrane in the thorax?

A

pleura

29
Q

What is the serous membrane surrounding the heart?

A

pericardium

30
Q

What is the serous membrane in the abdominal and pelvic cavities?

A

peritoneum

31
Q

What is the serous membrane surrounding the testicles?

A

vaginal tunic

32
Q

Do cavities between the serous membranes contain viscera?

A

no only a small amount of serous fluid to prevent friction

33
Q

Are the lungs located outside or inside the pleural cavities?

A

outside

34
Q

What are the two types of parietal pleura?

A

costal and diaphragmatic

35
Q

Which parietal pleura lines the ribs and intercostal muscles?

A

costal

36
Q

What are the cup shaped bubbles of pleura at the cranial extent of each lung that protrudes a short distance through the thoracic inlet into the neck?

A

pleural cupulae

37
Q

Why do the pleural cupola form?

A

due to the parietal pleurae extending farther cranially than the visceral pleura

38
Q

What is clinical importance of the pleural cupula?

A

since it projects a little beyond the first rib deep lacerations at the base of the neck can puncture the cupula pleura resulting in lung collapse (also want to be careful in surgery)

39
Q

Part of the pleurae in the ventral part of the dog and cats caudal mediastinum are thin and devoid of intervening connective tissue, what is this part described as?

A

fenestrated

40
Q

True or false: if one lung collapses the other does not have a high possibility of collapsing?

A

false

41
Q

True or false: due to flimsy caudal mediastinal pleurae, dogs and cats rarely present with unilateral pneumothorax.

A

true

42
Q

The continuation/connection between the pulmonary and mediastinal pleurae at the hilus of the lung is called?

A

pulmonary ligament

43
Q

What is th small pleural space medial to the plica venue cavae and is occupied by the accessory lobe?

A

mediastinal recess

44
Q

What is the separate fold of mediastinal pleura on the right side which surrounds the caudal vena cava and right phrenic nerve extending into the diaphragm?

A

plica venae cavae

45
Q

What is the space between the lungs which runs from the vertebrae to the sternum in the midline?

A

mediastinum

46
Q

Where does the cranial mediastinum span?

A

from thoracic inlet to the heart

47
Q

Where does the caudal mediastinum span?

A

between the heart and diaphragm

48
Q

What is the landmark where the costal pleura reflects onto the diaphragm forming the costodiaphragmatic recess?

A

line of pleural reflection

49
Q

True or false: the region between the basal border of the lung and the line of pleural reflection is always devoid of lung. What is this space called?

A

true and thoracentesis

50
Q

Why is knowledge of the basal (caudal) border of the lung important?

A

to determine area for lung sound auscultation and safe area for thoracic puncture

51
Q

What is the space where diaphragmatic and costal pleura are in direct contact without intervening lung?

A

costodiaphragmatic recess

52
Q

What is a good landmark to denote the ccs and may get injured by digging in of the spurs worn by riders?

A

superficial thoracic vein

53
Q

What is typically performed just dorsal of the superficial thoracic vein in the 7th ICS on the right side and 8th or 9th ICS on the left?

A

pleurocentesis or thoracocentesis

54
Q

What is causes by excess fluid in the pleural cavity limiting lung expansion and causing lung collapse and difficulty breathing?

A

pleural effusions

55
Q

What pleural effusion is caused by excess serous fluid?

A

hydrothorax

56
Q

What pleural effusion is caused by blood?

A

haemothorax

57
Q

What pleural effusion is caused by pus?

A

pyothorax (empyema)

58
Q

What pleural effusion is caused by chyle (ruptured thoracic duct)?

A

chylothorax

59
Q

Why doesn’t the elephant have a pleural effusion?

A

they don’t have pleural space, instead they have loose connective tissue

60
Q

What is caused by air in the pleural cavity?

A

pneumothorax

61
Q

In an x-ray of the pneumothorax the thorax will appear what color?

A

black due to air accumulation within the pleural cavity

Exam 2 (11 decks)

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