Gastrointestinal physiology

Question 1

Seizing food and conveying into the mouth.

Answer 1

prehension

Question 2

Mechanical breakdown of food in the mouth.

Answer 2

mastication

Question 3

Swallowing or conveying the food from the mouth to the stomach.

Answer 3

deglutition

Question 4

What are the three stages of deglutition?

Answer 4

mouth (voluntary)
pharynx (reflex)
esophagus (reflex)

Question 5

The back and forth mixing due to intermittent contraction of circular smooth muscle, promotes digestion and absorption.

Answer 5

segmentation

Question 6

The unidirectional, usually aboral waves of contraction.

Answer 6

peristalsis

Question 7

What is propulsive motility?

Answer 7

moving aboral

Question 8

What is retentive motility?

Answer 8

material is retained longer

Question 9

What is mixing motility?

Answer 9

material within the lumen is churned

Question 10

The timing of material getting from one are to another.

Answer 10

Transit time

Question 11

What is the goal of digestion?

Answer 11

to reduce food to molecules small enough to be absorbed

Question 12

What methods does digestion use to breakdown food?

Answer 12

physical, chemical, enzymatic

Question 13

The simple decrease in size of food particles caused by a mechanical action. (chewing, tearing food apart)

Answer 13

mechanical digestion

Question 14

Hydrolysis of chemical bonds accomplished by the action of hydrochloric acid.

Answer 14

chemical digestion

Question 15

Hydrolysis of chemical bonds via enzymes produced by various regions of the alimentary tract or by hasten microbes.

Answer 15

enzymatic digestion

Question 16

In all species the major digestive enzyme produced by the salivary glands is _________.

Answer 16

amylase

Question 17

What solution helps support rumen microbes and buffer acid produced in the fermentation process?

Answer 17

ruminant saliva

Question 18

Transport of nutrient particles into vascular system.

Answer 18

absorbtion

Question 19

What is integral in detoxifying many substances?

Answer 19

liver

Question 20

True of false: all species must keep colonic bacteria out of small intestine.

Answer 20

true

Question 21

What controls majority of GI functions including regulation of digestion, independent of the CNS?

Answer 21

enteric nervous system

Question 22

What kinds of influences to hormones MADE BY the alimentary tract have?

Answer 22

both local and systemic because they are secreted into systemic circulation

Question 23

What is the only extrinsic gut hormone currently identified, which helps regulate water absorption from the GI tract?

Answer 23

aldosterone

Question 24

Which nerves in the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems have extrinsic control on the GI tract?

Answer 24

vagus nerve and pelvic nerve (parasympathetic)
splanchnic nerve and hypogastric nerve (sympathetic)

Question 25

What performs immune surveillance of the intestinal lumen and facilitates the immune response within the mucosal lining of the gut?

Answer 25

Peyer’s patches

Question 26

What secretes antimicrobial peptides and proteins?

Answer 26

paneth cells

Question 27

What phase of digestion takes place from the mouth through at least the small intestine?

Answer 27

luminal phase

Question 28

What phase of digestion takes place only in the small intestine and only on the surface of enterocytes?

Answer 28

mucosal phase

Question 29

Who makes the enzymes involved in mucosal phase?

Answer 29

enterocytes and they are bound to their brush border

Question 30

Which phase of digestion takes place only in the small intestine INSIDE enterocytes?

Answer 30

intracellular phase

Question 31

True or false: The CNS can influence and control the gut.

Answer 31

False: the CNS can influence but not entirely control the gut

Question 32

What type of reflexes typically span from gut to spinal cord or brainstem then back to gut?

Answer 32

long reflexes (defecation, vomiting)

Question 33

What is the importance of microbial flora?

Answer 33

they ferment cellulose

Question 34

Where do horses ferment?

Answer 34

hindgut, large intestine

Question 35

Where do ruminants ferment?

Answer 35

foregut, stomach