The Sun In Splendour 1471-1483

Question 1

How were Edward’s north regions used to consolidate his authority ?

Answer 1

-majority of the Norths issues were solved by Edward’s brother, Richard III Duke of Gloucester. The Earl of Percy, fourth Earl of Northumberland did homage to Gloucester and retained by Gloucester to ensure that Northumberland wouldn’t act as independent royal authority
-by an act of Parliament, Gloucester was granted most of Warwicks northern states and later special treatment to raise troops without authority.
-Gloucester acted as a buffer for the Percy’s and Stanley family’s.

Question 2

How were Edward’s midland regions help consolidate his authority?

Answer 2

-Edward instructed power to William lord hastings, in 1974, Hastings was given estates confiscated from Clarence, including Tutbury
-Hastings also given estates in Leistcishire and oversaw the build up of a territorial bases for Edward’s son, Richard Duke of York

Question 3

How did Edward’s south-west regions help consolidate his authority ?

Answer 3

-queen’s 1st 2 sons were given control
-power of Lancastrian, Courtney family destroyed in area by 1471
-after Clarence’s death, Edward built up power bases of eldest stepson, Thomas Grey

Question 4

How did Edward’s role in Wales help consolidate his authority?

Answer 4

-Edward IV’s son, prince of wales was given power over western marches
-sent to Ludlow, under control, uncle Anthony woodville
- gained more control over wales thanks to nobles such as Buckingham and Shrewsbury
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Question 5

How did Edward’s deal with opposition after his restoration in 1471?

Answer 5

-firm treatment of sir John Patson for falling to answer 2 royal summons
-execution of Thomas the bastard of Fauconburg, after his failed rebellion in Kent 1471
-October 1471, wales the recapturing of Pembroke and Tenby after rebellion and murder of Roger Vaughan of Tretower

Question 6

What were the Earl of Oxford’s actions?

Answer 6

-oxfords farther and eldest brothers were convicted and executed for treason in Edward IV’s reign in feb 1468, and again in 1470
-when Oxford initially captured st..Michael’s mount in Cornwall, the men Edward initially sent to deal with Jim weren’t effective when managing the situation
-John Fortesque, sherif of Cornwall negotiated with Oxford supporters and eventually Oxford surrendered in 1474 and was imprisoned in Calais

Question 7

What were the livery and maintenance ?

Answer 7

• one issue Edward had when dealing with illegal retaining was often referred to as livery and maintenance
• Livery was the uniform and badge by Lord retainers
  -maintenance was the protection of followers interests

Question 8

What were the problems with Livery and Maintenance?

Answer 8

-concerned with illegal retaining
-common practice, great lords recruited those of lower standing to be their followers and help achieve their own aims and ambitions. Given a uniform with their local coats of arms.
-king had permitted this practice because it was helpful in controlling the regions and was fast away raising an army should the king need it

Question 9

How did Edward’s deal with livery and maintenance problems ?

Answer 9

• in order to control the nobles and restrictions their ability to employ and raise armies, Edward IV passed laws such as:
  1. Parliament of 1468, statue forbidding retaining with the exception of domestic servants, estate officials or legal advisors
  BUT: was ineffective because the laws permitted retaining for “lawful service” which allowed nobles to circumvent the law prohibiting retaining.

Question 10

Why would Edward want to invade France?

Answer 10

-(after 1471)
-secure his position, strong country
-sought revenge for Louis XI involvement in Henry VI’s redemption
-loss of English lands

Question 11

What was ordinary revenue ?

Answer 11

-comes in every year, in different amounts from crown lands and custom duties, it also involved profit from fines and feudal dues on land held in return

Question 12

What were examples of ordinary revenue ?

Answer 12

-crown lands= comes from subject obligation to help the king in times of need.
-custom duties= imported goods made up by largest part of king’s income,
-profits of justice= the law court yielded in 2 ways: fees and fines, varied from £300-£800 per annum and the fines levied from punishment
-feudal dues=paid by those whose land they fought on

Question 13

What is extraordinary revenue ?

Answer 13

• comes from subjective obligation to help the king in time of need.

Question 14

What are examples of extraordinary revenue ?

Answer 14

-parliamentary grant= granted by parliament for emergency’s such as war.
-loans and benevolence= king could rely on loans from richer nobles in time of emergency, benevolence meant subjects were asked to contribute to kings existences
-clerical taxes= the king was entitled to tax the church

Question 15

What was the exchequer ?

Answer 15

-the centre of the crowns finances, they had to functions:
1. To receive, store and pay out money
2. To audit the account
-however, under Edward IV in an effort to manage the collection of money more efficiently, the kings chamber developed as the main financial department

Question 16

What was the chamber?

Answer 16

-the chamber was informal and flexible, originated from accounting systems used on estates on great nobles, who appointed receivers and Auditors to run their estates in there absence.
-Edward IV was familiar on this and used it with Yorkist estates.
-as a result money went directly to the king and not through an inefficient beurancy

Question 17

What is the importance of John Fortescue ?

Answer 17

-perhaps his most known work was the governments of England, in which he offered the king advice on how to restore the crown’s authority politically and strength wise
-Fortescue argued that it was the financial weakness of the crown, compared to the nobles s, that was the root to the cause of disorder

Question 18

Where was change in the monarchy under Edward IV?

Answer 18

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