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L2 Anatomy and Physiology > The Structure And Function Of The Skeleton > Flashcards

The Structure And Function Of The Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What is produced in the red bone marrow?

A

Red and white blood cells and platelets.

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2
Q

What minerals are stored in the bones?

A

Calcium and Phosphorus - Essential for many functions including bone growth and development.

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3
Q

What is a neutral spine alignment?

A

When the position of the spines natural S-shaped curves are all present and aligned.

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4
Q

List the components of a long bone?

A
  • Epiphysis - expanded portions at each end
  • Diayphysis - the shaft of the bone
  • Epiphyseal plates - allows the diaphysis to increase in length until adulthood
  • Hyaline cartilage - covers the ends of the bone
  • Periosteum - tough, fibrous sheath covering whole bone
  • Compact bone - helps to withstand weight-bearing stress
  • Cancellous bone - spongy bone tissue containing red marrow
  • Medullary cavity - hollow tube down the centre
  • Yellow marrow - stores fat
  • Red marrow - production of various types of blood cells
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5
Q

What are the ends of the long bone called?

  1. Diaphysis
  2. Periosteum
  3. Articular cartilage
  4. Epiphysis
A
  1. Epiphysis
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6
Q

What are the factors that affect ossification?

A
  • Nutrition
  • Sunlight (vitamin d)
  • Hormonal secretions
  • Physical activity
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7
Q

What is hyper lordosis?

  1. Excessive curve of the lumbar vertebrae
  2. Excessive curve of the thoracic vertebrae
  3. Excessive curve of the cervical vertebrae
  4. Excessive curve of the sacral vertebrae
A
  1. Excessive curve of the lumbar vertebrae
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8
Q

What is the name of an excess curvature of the lumbar spine?

A

Hyperlordosis (Lordosis).

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9
Q

Name the spinal deviation?

A

Kyphosis

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10
Q

Which cells build bone?

  1. Osteoclasts
  2. Red blood cells
  3. Osteoblasts
  4. White blood cells
A
  1. Osteoblasts
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11
Q

Which bone is more proximal - the ischium or the tibia?

A

The ischium.

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12
Q

What is the name of the main bone shaft?

A

Diaphysis - contains a thick layer of compact bone with a hollow centre (the medullary cavity).

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13
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

  1. Twelve
  2. Four
  3. Five
  4. Seven
A
  1. Seven
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14
Q

What range of motion are possible at the thoracic spine?

A

Flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation.

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15
Q

What type of bone is the sternum?

  1. A flat bone
  2. A short bone
  3. A long bone
  4. An irregular bone
A
  1. A flat bone
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16
Q

How many bones in the Coccygeal vertebra?

A

Four.

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17
Q

Name the spinal deviation?

A

Scoliosis

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18
Q

What will happen when osteoclast activity is more dominant than osteoblast activity?

  1. Bone density will decrease
  2. Bones will become bigger
  3. Bone density will increase
  4. Bones will become smaller
A
  1. Bone density will decrease
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19
Q

How many bones in the cervical vertebra?

A

Seven.

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20
Q

Which bones form the appendicular skeleton?

A
  • Scapula (shoulder blade)
  • Clavicle (coller bone)
  • humerus
  • Radius
  • Ulna
  • Carpals
  • Metatarsals
  • Phalanges
  • Tarsals
  • Metatarsals
  • Ilium
  • Ischium
  • Pubis
  • Femur
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Patella (kneecap)
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21
Q

How can diet and exercise affect the health of the bones?

A

A diet rich in calcium and vitamin D and weight-bearing physical activity causes new bone tissue to form, and this makes bones stronger.

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22
Q

What vital organs are protected by the ribs and sternum?

A

Heart and lungs.

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23
Q

What range of motion are possible at the cervical spine?

A

Flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation.

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24
Q

What is Hyaline cartilage?

A

Is tissue that forms a temporary skeleton of a foetus and is eventually replaced by bone when calcium is deposited. It is also found at the end of long bones that meet to form the synovial joints.

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25
Q

Which bones are more distal - the carpals or the phalanges?

A

Phalanges (Most distal) – The bones of the fingers. Carpal bones (Most proximal) – A set of eight irregularly shaped bones.

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26
Q

What range of motion are possible at the lumbar spine?

A

Rotation and lateral flexion.

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27
Q

Name the soft tissue that attaches to bone?

A

Cartilage - comes in 3 types

  • Hyaline
  • Elastic Cartilage
  • Fibrocatilage
28
Q

What is ossification?

A

Ossification is the process by which is formed in the body from the activity of osteoblasts (build bone) and osteoclasts (clear bone) with the addition of minerals and salts.

29
Q

How many bones in the thoracic vertebra?

A

Twelve.

30
Q

Give an example of a long bone?

A
  • Humerus
  • Femur
  • Fibula
  • Tibia
  • Ulna
  • Radius
  • Metacarpals
  • Metatarsals
  • Phalanges
31
Q

What vital organ is protected by the cranium?

A

Brain.

32
Q

Give an example of a flat bone?

A
  • Scapula
  • Cranial bones
  • Costals (ribs)
  • Sternum
  • Ilium.
33
Q

Name the spinal deviation?

A

Lordosis

34
Q

Name the bones that form the pelvis?

A

Ilium, ischium and pubis.

35
Q

Which of these is part of the axial skeleton?

  1. Ribs
  2. Clavicle
  3. Pelvis
  4. Radius
A
  1. Clavicle
36
Q

What is produced in the bone marrow?

  1. Calcium
  2. Red blood cells
  3. Oxygen
  4. Water
A
  1. Red blood cells
37
Q

How many natural curves are there in the developed spine?

A

Four.

38
Q

Which of these bones is in the lower leg?

  1. Femur
  2. Humerus
  3. Tibia
  4. Scapula
A
  1. Tibia
39
Q

How many bones in the Lumbar vertebra?

A

Five.

40
Q

Name the bones that form the leg or lower limb?

A

Femur, tibia, fibula and patella.

41
Q

How many bones in the Sacral vertebra?

A

Five.

42
Q

What are the long-term effects of exercise to the bones and skeleton?

A
  • Stronger bones
  • Increased bone density
  • Reduced risk of osteoporosis
  • Improved posture
43
Q

Give an example of an irregular bone?

A

Vertebrae and calcaneus (heel bone).

44
Q

What type of bones are the vertebrae?

  1. Flat bones
  2. Short bones
  3. Long bones
  4. Irregular bones
A
  1. Irregular bones
45
Q

What is the name of the connective tissue that covers the bone?

  1. Periosteum
  2. Articular cartilage
  3. Epiphysis
  4. Compact bone
A
  1. Articular cartilage
46
Q

Give an example of a sesamoid bone?

A

Patella (kneecap).

47
Q

What are the short-term effects of exercise to the bones and skeleton?

A
  • Muscles pull on bones
  • Increased blood and nutrients circulated to the bone
48
Q

Which bones form the axial skeleton?

A
  • Cranial
  • Cervical vertebrae
  • Thoracic vertebrae
  • Lumbar vertebrae
  • Sacral vertebrae
  • Coccygeal vertebrae
  • Ribs
  • Sternum
49
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

  1. Twelve
  2. Four
  3. Five
  4. Seven
A
  1. Five
50
Q

Give an example of a short bone?

A

Carpals and tarsals.

51
Q

What is the name of an excess curvature of the thoracic spine?

A

Hyperkyphosis (Kyphosis).

52
Q

What are the five main functions of the skeleton?

A

Shape – provides the framework that give the body’s basic shape

Protection – different bones protect different organs

Locomotion – Levers that muscles pull on to create movement at joints

Storage – the bone stores several minerals (calcium and phosphorus)

Production – produces red and white blood cells and platelets

53
Q

How many bones in the body?

A

206

54
Q

Name all the bones in the shoulder girdle?

A

Clavicle and scapula

55
Q

Name all the bones in the pelvic/hip girdle?

A

Ischium, ilium and pubis

56
Q

Name all the bones in the lower limbs?

A
  • Femur
  • Patella
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Tarsals
  • Metatarsals
  • Phalanges
57
Q

Name all the bones in the vertebral column?

A
  • Cervical vertebrae
  • Thoracic vertebrae
  • Lumbar vertebrae
  • Sacral vertebrae
  • Coccygeal vertebrae
58
Q

How can regular weight bearing exercise affect bones?

A

Helps keeps the bones strong.

59
Q

True or False?

The skeletal system is made up of bones, joints, and connective tissue.

A

TRUE

60
Q

True or False?

The vertebrae supports the body and protects the spinal cord.

A

TRUE

61
Q

True or False?

Tendons connect bone to bone.

A

FALSE - Tendons connect muscle to bone.

62
Q

True or False?

Joints are the points at which bones meet.

A

TRUE

63
Q

True or False?

Ligaments connect muscle to bone.

A

FALSE - Ligaments connect bone to bone

64
Q

True or False?

The bones of the cranium protect the heart and lungs.

A

FALSE - The bones of the cranium protect the brain.

65
Q

True or False?

Blood cells are made in the bone marrow.

A

TRUE

66
Q

True or False?

Exercise, good posture, and having a healthy diet are ways of keeping the skeletal system healthy.

A

TRUE

67
Q

True or False?

The skeleton supports our body and gives it shape.

A

TRUE

L2 Anatomy and Physiology (17 decks)

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