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L2 Anatomy and Physiology > The Muscular System > Flashcards

The Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Isotonic?

A

The muscles actions involving movement.

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2
Q

Concentric or Eccentric?

Upwards phase of a press-up

A

Concentric

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3
Q

Concentric or Eccentric?

Static plank

A

Neither it’s isometric

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4
Q

Summarise the sliding filament theory?

A

Myosin and actin filaments slide over each other, creating a shortening of the sarcomeres and the whole muscle.

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5
Q

Which of these statements is correct

  1. Ligaments connect bones to bones and tendons connect muscles to bones
  2. Tendons connect muscles to muscles and ligaments connect bones to bones
  3. Ligaments connect muscles to bones and tendons connect bones to bones
A
  1. Ligaments connect bones to bones and tendons connect muscles to bones
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6
Q

Which muscle rotates the thoracic region of the spine?

A

External and internal obliques

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7
Q

Name a muscles of the leg?

A
  • Quadriceps
  • Hip adductors
  • Iliopsoas - hip flexors
  • Tibialis anterior
  • Gluteus maximus
  • Hamstrings
  • Gastrocnemius
  • Soleus
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8
Q

Give an example of cardiac muscle tissue?

A

Heart

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9
Q

Name the agonist to the hip abductors?

A

Hip adductors

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10
Q

Name the antagonist to the biceps?

A

Triceps

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11
Q

Which muscle fibre type is quicker to tire?

A

Fast twitch (type II)

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12
Q

Which muscle plantar flexes the ankle?

A

Gastrocnemius

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13
Q

Where would you locate the adductor muscles?

A

Inner thigh

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14
Q

What four roles could a muscle undertake during any movement?

A
  • Agonist / prime mover - the working muscle
  • Antagonist - the relaxing muscle
  • Synergist - muscles that assist or modify the prime mover
  • Fixators - muscles that contract to stabilise the parts of the body that are fixed
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15
Q

What are the names of the two contractile proteins that make up sarcomere?

A

Actin & Myosin

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16
Q

Name the antagonist to the deltoids?

A

Latissimus dorsi

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17
Q

. When actin and myosin move over each other:

  1. The Sarcomere shortens
  2. The Sarcomere lengthens
  3. The Sarcomere stays the same length
A
  1. The Sarcomere shortens
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18
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A
  • Smooth
  • Cardiac
  • Skeletal
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19
Q

Slow twitch or fast twitch?

Good for endurance activities

A

Slow twitch

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20
Q

Name the agonist to the erector spinae?

A

Rectus abdominis

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21
Q

Give an example of smooth muscle tissue?

A
  • Walls of blood vessels
  • Walls of stomach
  • Ureters
  • Intestines
  • Prostate
  • Gastrointestinal Tract
  • Respiratory Tract
  • Small arteries
  • Arterioles
  • Reproductive tracts (both genders)
  • Veins
  • Bladder
  • Uterus
  • Sphincter
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22
Q

Actin and myosin are:

  1. Contractile ligaments
  2. Contractile fats
  3. Contractile proteins
A
  1. Contractile proteins
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23
Q

Name the anterior skeletal muscles?

A
  • Upper trapezius
  • Deltoids
  • Pectoralis major
  • Biceps brachii
  • External and internal oblique’s
  • Rectus abdominis
  • Iliopsoas – Hip flexors
  • Quadriceps
  • Hip adductors
  • Tibialis anterior
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24
Q

Give an example of skeletal muscle tissue?

A
  • Upper trapezius
  • Middle trapezius
  • Lower trapezius
  • Deltoids
  • Pectoralis major
  • Biceps brachii
  • Triceps brachii
  • Latissimus dorsi
  • Erector spinae
  • External and internal obliques
  • Rectus abdominis
  • Gluteus maximus
  • Iliopsoas – Hip flexors
  • Quadriceps
  • Hip adductors
  • Hamstrings
  • Gastrocnemius
  • Tibialis anterior
  • Soleus
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25
Q

What are the origin and insertion of the muscle?

A

The origin is the fixed attachment and doesn’t move during body movement, while the insertion is a attachment that moves with contraction.

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26
Q

What is the name of the muscle at the front of the lower leg?

A

Tibialis anterior

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27
Q

A small muscle fibre is called a:

  1. Sarcomere
  2. Myofibril
  3. Fascicle
A
  1. Myofibril
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28
Q

What are the four key characteristics of muscle tissue?

A
  • Contractility (contract)
  • Extensibility (stretch & lengthen)
  • Elasticity (return to original shape)
  • Excitability (respond to stimuli from the nervous system)
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29
Q

Concentric or Eccentric?

Downwards phase of an abdominal curl

A

Eccentric

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30
Q

What is the name of the muscle at the back of the upper arm?

A

Triceps brachii

31
Q

Name the antagonist to the following prime movers:

  • Biceps
  • Hip flexors
  • Adductors
  • Quadriceps
  • Tibialis anterior
  • Deltoids
  • Rectus abdominis
A

Biceps = Triceps

Hip flexors = Gluteus Maximus

Adductors = Abductors

Quadriceps = Hamstings

Tibialis anterior = Gastrocnemius

Deltoids = Pectoralis major

Rectus abdominis = Erector spinae

32
Q

Name the antagonist to the hip flexors (Illiopsoas)?

A

Gluteus maximus

33
Q

Name the three ways in which muscle are attached to bone?

A

Tendons, aponeurosis and raphe

34
Q

Describe Eccentric?

A

The muscles generates force and lengthens.

35
Q

Which muscle laterally flexes the spine?

A

External and internal obliques

36
Q

Describe the difference between fast and slow twitch muscle fibres?

A

Slow-twitch (or type I) muscles help enable long-endurance feats such as distance running, while fast-twitch (or type II) muscles fatigue faster but are used in powerful bursts of movements like sprinting.

37
Q

Which muscle will contract and how will it contract during the lowering phase of a curl-up?

A

The Biceps brachii will contract and lengthen (eccentric).

38
Q

Slow twitch or fast twitch?

White / light in colour

A

Fast twitch

39
Q

From the outer most to the deepest, list the structure of a skeletal muscle?

A
  • Tendon
  • Muscle belly
  • Epimysium
  • Fasciculi
  • Perimysium
  • Muscle fibre
  • Endomysium
  • Myofibril
  • Sarcomere
  • Actin
  • Myosin
40
Q

Slow twitch or fast twitch?

Used for explosive activities

A

Fast twitch

41
Q

Name the posterior skeletal muscles?

A
  • Upper trapezius
  • Middle trapezius
  • Lower trapezius
  • Triceps brachii
  • Latissimus dorsi
  • Erector spinae
  • Gluteus maximus
  • Hip adductors
  • Hamstrings
  • Gastrocnemius
  • Soleus
42
Q

Name the agonist to the gastrocnemius and soleus?

A

Tibialis anterior

43
Q

Describe skeletal muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal muscles cross over the joints and attaches to bone via tendons. They are controlled by the somatic system under conscious or voluntary control.

44
Q

Which muscle adducts the shoulder?

A

Latissimus dorsi

45
Q

Concentric or Eccentric?

As you bring the handles down on a shoulder press

A

Eccentric

46
Q

Name a muscles of the arm?

A
  • Deltoids
  • Biceps brachii
  • Triceps brachii
  • Brachioradialis
  • Extensors
  • Forearm flexors
  • Wrist flexors
47
Q

Name the agonist to the rhomboids and upper trapezius?

A

Lower trapezius

48
Q

Slow twitch or fast twitch?

You would use these fibres when sprinting

A

Fast twitch

49
Q

Slow twitch or fast twitch?

You would use this for a 30 minute swim

A

Slow twitch

50
Q

Describe Isometric?

A

The muscle generates force and stays the same length.

51
Q

Describe the influence of gravity on the muscle contraction?

A

In the erect position elbow flexion is an anti-gravity motion so the muscle performing that motion (biceps) is performing an anti-gravity contraction by lifting the forearm and hand against gravity.

52
Q

Where would locate the gluteus maximus?

A

The gluteus maximus muscle is located in the buttocks

53
Q

Describe cardiac muscle tissue?

A

Cardiac muscle is found in the heart (the chamber walls) pumping blood (and oxygen) continuously around the body. Contraction of the heart is controlled by the sinoatrial node (SAN).

54
Q

What four ‘roles’ can a muscle play in movement?

A
  • Agonist
  • Antagonist
  • Synergist
  • Fixator
55
Q

Name the muscle fibre types?

A
  • Slow twitch (or Type I) fibres.
  • Fast twitch (or Type II b) fibres.
  • Intermediate (or Type II a) fibres.
56
Q

Name a muscles of the trunk?

A
  • Upper trapezius
  • Middle trapezius
  • Lower trapezius
  • Latissimus dorsi
  • Erector spinae
  • Pectoralis major
  • External and internal obliques
  • Rectus abdominis
57
Q

Concentric or Eccentric?

As you pull the bar down on a lat pulldown

A

Concentric

58
Q

Slow twitch or fast twitch?

Red in colour

A

Slow twitch

59
Q

Which muscle abducts the hip?

A

Gluteus maximus

60
Q

Name the types of muscle actions?

A
  • Concentric: muscle generates force and shortens (lifting or accelerating).
  • Eccentric: muscle generates force and lengthens (lowering and decelerating).
  • Isometric: muscle generates force and stays the same length (holding/static control).
61
Q

Name the components of a structured muscle?

A
  • Muscle belly
  • Epimysium
  • Fasciculi
  • Perimysium
  • Muscle fibre
  • Endomysium
  • Myofibril
62
Q

Describe Isokintic?

A

The muscles actions involve movement at a constant speed.

63
Q

Describe smooth muscle tissue?

A

Smooth muscle is described as involuntary controlled by the autonomic nervous system and is found in the digestive system, the blood vessels, urinary and reproductive systems.

64
Q

What are myosin and actin?

A

Myosin is a motor protein that generates the force in a muscle contraction (thick filament) and actin is a spherical protein that forms, among other things, the thin filament in muscle cells.

65
Q

What is the name of the tissue that surrounds the whole muscle?

A

Epimysium

66
Q

What group of muscles make up the core stabilisers?

A
  • Transversus abdominis (TVA).
  • Multifidus.
  • Diaphragm.
  • Pelvic floor.
67
Q

What is the function of the pelvic floor muscles?

A
  • Support of abdominopelvic viscera (bladder, intestines, uterus etc.) through their tonic contraction.
  • Resistance to increases in intra-pelvic/abdominal pressure during activities such as coughing or lifting heavy objects.
  • Urinary and fecal continence. The muscle fibers have a sphincter action on the rectum and urethra. They relax to allow urination and defecation.
68
Q

Slow twitch or fast twitch

Fatigues quickly

A

Fast twitch

69
Q

Which muscle flexes the knee?

A

Hamstring

70
Q

Which muscle extends the hip?

A

Gluteus maximus

71
Q

Name the antagonist to the quadriceps?

A

Hamstrings

72
Q

Which muscle extends the elbow?

A

Triceps brachii

73
Q

Describe Concentric?

A

The muscles generates force and shortens.

74
Q

Name the 3 types of fascia in a structured muscle?

A
  • Epimysium
  • Perimysium
  • Endomysium

L2 Anatomy and Physiology (17 decks)

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