Skeletal System

Question 1

Name the 6 composite parts that make up the bone?

Answer 1

Periosteum - outer layer of bone
Epiphyseal disks - inner layer of bone

Periosteum has:
Compact bone - gives bone rigidity
Spongy bone - sits inside the compact bone
Cancellous bone - honeycombe structure in the compact bone that protects the marrow
Bone marrow - produces new blood cells

Question 2

Explain, using the correct terminology and spelling, bone growth?

Answer 2

Born as mainly cartilage, as we grow we harden

Bone growth is called ossification
Osteoblasts are bone building cells that secrete collagen, that falls into a lattice structure around the epiphyseal disks
Calcium salts are deposited in the structure and some osteoblasts become caught and change into Osteocytes
The salts, collagen and osteocytes create a hardened bone structure called Periosteum
Osteoclasts destroy unwanted cartilage and smooth the rough structure

Question 3

What’s happens to bone up to 25 years and after?

Answer 3

Remodelling

Destruction and replacement

Question 4

Name the types of bone?

Answer 4

Long
Short
Irregular
Flat
Sesamoid

Question 5

Name the bones in the spine?

Answer 5

Cranium 1
Cervical 7
Thoracic 12
Lumbar 5
Sacral 5
Coccyx 1

Question 6

Name the types of joint?

Answer 6

Fibrous (immovable)
Cartilaginous (slightly movable)
Synovial (freely movable)

Question 7

Give examples of type of immovable, slightly movable and freely movable joint?

Answer 7

Immovable - Teeth, jaw or bones in cranium
Slightly movable - Vertebral column or two
pubic bones
Freely movable - Shoulder or knee

Question 8

Name the five functions of the skeleton?

Answer 8

Shape
Mineral storage
Movement
Protection
Blood production

Question 16

Name the Synovial Joints?

Answer 16

Ball and socket
Hinge
Pivot
Condyloid
Saddle
Gliding

Question 17

Name the elements that make up the structure of a Synovial joint?

Answer 17

Synovial fluid Reduces friction
Synovial membrane Encloses and
secretes fluid
Capsular ligament Hold joint together
Articular cartilage
Bursae
Pads of fat
Menisci

Question 18

Name the range of movements of the bones?

Answer 18

Flexion - bend at joint (shorten)
Extension - straighten joint (lengthen)
Adduction - movement towards body
Abduction - movement away from body
Circumduction - circular joint movement
Rotation - circular movement towards mid body
Plantar Flexion - occurs at ankle when pointing
toe
Dorsi Flexion - occurs at ankle when bending
foot upwards

Question 19

Give examples of the different types Synovial joints?

Answer 19

Ball and socket - hip (femur/pelvis)
shoulder (humerus/scapula)
Hinge - elbow (humerus/ulna)
knee (femur/tibia)
fingers (metacarpals/phalanges)
toes (metatarsals/phalanges)
jaw (mandible/cranium)
Pivot - neck (atlas/axis)
elbow (radius/ulna)
knee (fibula/tibia)
Condyloid - wrist (radius/carpals)
ankle (tibia/tarsals)
Saddle - wrist or hand (carpometacarpal - base
of thumb)
Gliding {plane} - knee (patella)
shoulder (scapula/clavicle)
spine (vertebrae 2-7)
wrist and ankle (non-specific)