Bones Flashcards
How many bones does the skeleton have?
206
Name the 2 parts the skeleton is divided into
Axial skeleton (skull, ribs,spine) Appendicular skeleton (upper and lower limbs, hips, shoulder)
What are the functions of the skeleton?
Movement Mineral Storage Protection Shape Production of Blood Cells
What does bone marrow do?
Produces red and while blood cells
Body types
Ectomorph - tall, skinny, narrow shoulders and hips Endomorph - rounded, wide hips, narrow shoulders Mesomorph - muscular, wide shoulders, narrow hopes
Name the main structures of the skeleton
Pectoral, or shoulder, girdle Upper limbs Pelvic, or hip, girdle Lower limbs Vertebral column, or spine
Describe the Pectoral, or shoulder, girdle
-Composed of a double set of 2 bones on the right and left sides of the body -Each clavicle articulates with a scapula and with the sternum
Describe the Scapula
Shoulder blade Abduction and adduction
Describe the Humerus
The upper arm bone
Describe the Radius and ulna
Ulna under the radius The round head of the radius pivots at the elbow and rotates to turn the hand over The ulna only flexes and extends because it is a hinge joint
Describe the Carpals
Bones lying between the wrist
Describe the pelvic, or hip, girdle
-Pelvis supports weight bearing lower limbs
Describe the Pelvis
Comprising 2 upper hip bones connected at the back with the sacrym
Describe the Femur
Thigh bone Ball and socket at the junction with the pelvis and a hinge join at the junction with the knee
Describe the Tibia and fibula
Lower leg
How many vertebrae are there?
33 7 Cervical 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 5 Sacral 4 Coccygeal
Anatomy of the normal spine
Cervical curve - Lordosis Thoracic curve - Kyphosis Lumbar curve - Lordosis Sarcral curve - Kyphosis
What movements is the spine capable of?
Flexion and extension Rotation Lateral flexion and lateral extension
Curvatures of the spine - lordosis
Exaggerated inward curvature of the lumbar spine that gives the lower back a hollowed appearance
Kyphosis
Where an individual has an exaggerated rounding in the thoracic vertebrae
Scoliosis
A lateral, or sideways curvature f the spine which gives the appearance of an S shape
Name the 5 types of bone
Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones Sesamoid bones
Bone growth
-Just 8 weeks after conception, the main bones have already formed in cartilage and connective tussle membranes -In the middle of these cartilage ‘bones’ some of the cells expand in size and then burst -Cell contents stimulate the cartilage on the outside to turn to bones
Remodelling - osteoclasts
Remove old bone
Remodelling - osteoblasts
Lay down new bone tissue
Effect of inactivity on bones
Bone not being stimulated to lay down new bone so becomes fragile
Growth spurts
Times when bone growth quickens due to an increase in hormonal activity Growing bone is vulnerable to damage
Osteoporosis
As we get older minerals tend to be lost in the bones and we may start to suffer from a degenerative process called osteoporosis
Waht happens without Vitamin D?
Without it, calcium can’t be absorbed
What happens when Calcium drops?
When calcium levels drop, this is instead taken from the bone which may result in weakening
Ossification
Bone growth results from ossification which is not completed until around 25
Structure of long bones
Diaphysis Periosteum Epiphysis Epiphsteal plates Medullary cavity Cavities Articular cartilage
