the state and globalisation Flashcards
define sovereignty
absolute power and authority over their citizens and subjects
what is the difference between internal and external sovereignty
internal- location of power or authority within a state (parliament), with dispute between popular and democratic sovereignty
external- absolute authority as an actor on the world stage, implying absence of higher power on external and foreign affairs
what is the billiard ball model in terms of sovereignty
states are billiard balls that collide with one another while sovereignty is the hard shell which enables it to withstand impact of collision
what is the impact of treaty of westphalia 1648
- ends 30 years war in europe
- define states as main international actors pursuing their own national interests
- solved by sovereignty, legal equality and principle of non interference
define nation state and features
political community bound together by citizenship and nationality
- represents the political wishes of a nation
- self governing styae
- based in principle of self-determination
features of a state
- political entity with sovereignty
- recognised by international community
- legally defined territory
- an effective government
- a stable population
- UN has 193 member states
features of a nation
- community if people united by shared values and traditions
- nationalism supports the idea that a proper basis for the state is the nation
- does not necessarily have sovereignty
- not necessarily recognised by international community
erosion of sovereignty
- international law and human rights- abuse and torture
- global economy- influence of global markets
- communications- “small world”, influence of media
- IGOs- UN and EU
- international action and humanitarian intervention- Gaza vs Israel
importance of sovereignty
- territory and border control,
- recognition of borders
- diplomacy- embassies are considered territory of home country
- reliance on states to get things done like US interventions in Iraq and Afghanistan
- weakness of international law
- electorate decide on government so they should govern
define globalisation
- widening and deepening of a complex web of interconnectedness
- created an integrated global village
what is economic globalisation and evidence
- development of TNCs like Apple and Google create global markets
- global division of labour as high technology is manufactured in wealthier nations
- FDI means more economies are interconnected
- seen with global financial crisis and Truss premiership
- IGO like WTO to promote free trade
- growth of illegal market place- $1 trillion a year
- increasing link between developed and developing countries- belt and road initiative
- regional organisation- trade agreements in a geographical region, around 289 exist
what is cultural globalisation and evidence
- homogenised by global brands- “coca-colonisation” or McWorld
- monoculture
- growth of migration and movement of people- 41% increase in migration in last 15 years
- tourism
- americanisation or westernisation as more countries adopt western styles
- English is central language of the world
- better communication networks- more interconnected through news, CNN broadcast in over 130 countries
- time/space compression
- top 10 fashion brands of the world are European or American
- bollywood has 1 billion more viewers, but hollywoods revenue is $40 billion more
what is political globalisation and evidence
- spread of democracy
- growing international institutions and Bretton Woods system to regulate trade and stabilise exchange rates
- international agreements like paris climate agreement
- more widely adopted norms like human rights and women’s rights
define intergovernmetnalism
common institutions facilitate decisions by member states but states remain in control
define supranationalism
common institutions are created and have independent decision making abilities
what’s the difference between economic globalisation and internationalisation
- internationalisation refers to increase cross border transactions which leads to interdependence
- economic globalisation refers to breaking down of territorial borders by constructing a global marketplace
argument against economic globalisation
- TNCs are being threatened by Chinese and Indian companies like Huawei
- states are still richest economic actors despite involvement of TNCs
- struggle during 2008 financial crash, however non western countries still thrived
arguments against cultural globalisation
- hybridisation as different cultures are being blended across the world- success of k-pop
- rise in religious extremism like ISIS and islamic state
arguments against political globalisation
- rise in nationalism and populism means stances adopt more isolationist approaches
- sovereignty
future of globalisation
- forces have driven us to become more interconnected for mutual benefit
- however, rise in nationalism and populism has led to political isolation and independence
- technology can either extend globalisation or erode borders
- during covid, states looked to protect their own and not share technology and adopted different lockdown techniques
how has globalisation increased poverty
- based on structural inequalities, where core developed states exploit peripheral states
- growth in between country inequalities due to neo colonialism, richest is Luxembourg compared to poorest DRC
- also promotes within country inequality
how has globalisation decreased poverty
- globalisation stimulated all economies as it brings more jobs and investment- Zambia
- developments in global south like tiger economies show how they have grown- asia is now responsible for 55% of worlds GDP
hyperglobalisers view of globalisation and criticism
- inevitability of globalisation as a consequences of technology
- however, governments still play a large role in investment and are sovereign to slow down effects of globalisation
sceptics view of globalisation and criticism
- integrated global economy does not exist
- regional and local economies are more significant
- however, technology has changed and made economies more interconnected
transformationalists view of globalisation
- significant changes due to globalisation but they have now fundamentally changed the internationals system
- breadth, intensity and speed of globalisation has changed
realists view of globalisation
- states are the main actor
- globalisation will make the world unstable and increase conflict
liberals view on globalisation
- globalisation is positive and will bring prosperity and peace
- happy to see international cooperation
positives of economic globalisation
- taiwan has promoted manufacturing, and even shifted into IT and tech now
- despite ethical concerns of sweatshops in vietnam, jobs pay better than agricultural and local average
- nike five microloans to vietnamese locals to start small businesses
- american companies pay 8x more than average income in the area
- 1988, 44% of the world live in poverty, halved in 2008
- countries that age to accepted globalisation are behind- NK
- comparative advantage
negatives of economic globalisation
- poor working conditions from MNCs, indonesian worker for GAP has to work min 60 hrs a week, Mopani mines in Zambia acid spills contaminated water, Dhaka 2013 1000 workers died after factory collapse
- zambia exploited for natural resources (copper) as price is determined at London metal exchange- manipulate so they earn profits
- growing inequality between countries due to colonialism- 8% of people get 50% of worlds income
- “hollowing” out of politics and democracy and focusing on markets- Truss
- MNCs have too much power- too much money and undemocratic
- creates dependency culture by dictating LIVs economy, often making them open up to privatisation so foreign investors control
- western hypocrisy- quick to protect their own industries despite exploiting other countries, farm animals in europe received more than workers in LICs
- system favours big players- textiles trading is more relaxed with china
- outsourcing has led to job less
negatives of cultural globalisation
- weakening is state sovereignty as they are made to accept norms like human rights
- cultural flattening as the US dominated world culture
- can lead to cultural backlash, ethnic nationalism and religious fundamentalism
negatives of political globalisation
- world bank and IMF agents for richest countries, offer loans at high rates, Us has 17% of vote
- 1/3 bank loans in Indonesia went to corrupt officials
