feminism

Question 1

history of feminism

Answer 1

• first wave- focused on legal and political rights of women like suffragette movement
• second wave- focused on different roles that society expected of men and women
• third wave- focused on feminism in other cultures and people of colour
• fourth wave- online misogyny

Question 2

define sex

Answer 2

biological differences between men and wimen

Question 3

define gender

Answer 3

social and cultural differences between men and women

Question 4

define patriarchy

Answer 4

system of social structures which allow men to exploit women

Question 5

6 structures of patriarchy

Answer 5

state- women have been denied representation and positions of responsibility
household- domestic jobs, discouraged from having a job
culture- women’s primary role seen as caregiver, unreasonable expectations
sexuality- repress sexual desires otherwise they are seen as “unladylike”
paid work- low paid or part time jobs, assistant jobs, nurturing children like education
violence- domestic abuse

Question 6

what is the “personal is political”

Answer 6

patriarchy found in private and public sphere and what goes on in the private sphere like domestic violence should be of public interest

Question 7

define equality feminism

Answer 7

seeks equality for men and women even despite biological differences

Question 8

define difference feminism

Answer 8

men and women are fundamentally different

Question 9

define essentialism

Answer 9

difference feminists belief biological factors are significant in the different behaviour of men and women

Question 10

what is political lesbianism or lesbian separatism

Answer 10

women trying to escape from the domination of men by isolating themselves to be together

Question 11

define intersectionality

Answer 11

other factors other than gender can change a women’s experience like race

Question 12

liberal feminists view on human nature

Answer 12

• individualism- women should have the freedom they ended to be autonomous in society
• foundational equality- all humans are equal

Question 13

liberal feminists view on state

Answer 13

• equality of opportunity
• state should promote female liberation through legal and political equality
• reject patriarchy as systematic oppression of women, but instead it discriminates against women
• reform should only take place in public sphere

Question 14

liberal feminists view on society and economy

Answer 14

• women are stuck doing domestic work and held back
• reform is needed by democratic pressure to change gender the law and through the process of role modelling

Question 15

socialists feminists view on the state

Answer 15

• reject the liberal ideas of state as neutral body as it works in the interests of capitalism
• capitalism creates the patriarchy

Question 16

socialists feminists view in society and economy

Answer 16

• women are oppressed through reproduction, sexuality, children and production
• want a classless society where men and women are equal
• women play subservient role and act as a reserve army of labour
• only revolution can bring about change where men should join women to fight against capitalism
• traditional- one revolution needed
• modern- 2 revolutions needed, where they need to overcome both gender and class inequalities
• socialists societies- childcare would not only be concern of women

Question 17

radical feminists view on society

Answer 17

• purely patriarchal
• “personal is political”
• need for radical sexual revolution

Question 18

radical feminists view on state

Answer 18

• promotes interests of patriarchy and should play a role in eradicating patriarchal values in private and public sphere

Question 19

what do radical differences feminists believe

Answer 19

• men and women differ in biology (essentialism)
• do not want women to be “male identified”

Question 20

what do radical equality feminists believe

Answer 20

• biology does not determine difference in sex
• want society where gender ceases to structure a persons identity

Question 21

post modern feminists view on society

Answer 21

• patriarchy in paid work and state
• focus on individual experiences, rather than grouping women together
• intersectionality- feminists ideologies focus on white middle class women
• seek to understand different cultures and recognise different types of oppression

Question 22

radical feminist view on economy

Answer 22

• economy is a distraction
• equalising wealth is not enough

Question 23

Gilman ideas

Answer 23

• use of sexuality to survive by pleading their husband
• women need economic interdependence
• gender stereotyping in childhood is wrong- forces young girls to conform to a domestic role
• communal housing should be constructed for men and women to live singly
• women should take their place in the workforce and be freed as domestic slaves

Question 24

de Beauvoir ideas

Answer 24

• women are taught and socialised to become women
• otherness- men are the norm, and women are the other
• initially believes socialise development and class struggle was needed to solve society’s problems
• no longer believe revolution was sufficient
• motherhood turned women into domestic slavers
• women have accepted and internalised their otherness- including other women
• mystique feminine nature oppresses women- women shouldn’t refuse “a man’s way” or believe they cannot have masculine qualities

Question 25

Millet ideas

Answer 25

• family is the key to patriarchy - transfer of ownership during marriages
• socialisation gives men power and denies women power
• female oppression was both political and cultural
• stereotypes reinforces through friends, school and media
• art and literature produced works degrading towards women
• called an end to monogamy- have more than one partner to share the laid
• sexual revolution

Question 26

Rowbotham ideas

Answer 26

• women are oppressed economically and culturally
• capitalism and sexism are closely linked- radical change needed
• revolution within revolution needed
• dual response for public and private sphere
• marriage resembled feudalism
• domestic work by women allowed the reproduction of men’s labour
• men took refuge in the family for alienation under capitalism

Question 27

hooks ideas

Answer 27

• excludes concerns of women of colour- recognise different experiences
• at a young age children are knocked down and told to fit into boxes
• girls are taught to change themselves to attract and pleas
• intersectionality
• feminism has not succeeded in creating political solidarity