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Anatomy & Physiology > The Spine > Flashcards

The Spine Flashcards

1
Q

The vertebral column starts at the ______, goes to the ______ and accounts for / of the height of the body.

A

Skull
Pelvis
2/5

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2
Q

The vertebral column encloses and protects the ______ _____ and while allowing the motor/sensory ______ to enter exit.

A

spinal cord

nerves

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3
Q

The vertebral column is composed of how many bones?

A

26

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4
Q

How are the bones f the vertebral column divided?

A 
7-cervical
12-thoracic
5-lumbar
1-sacrum
1-coccyx
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5
Q

The sacrum is made from how many fused sacral vertebrae?

A

5

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6
Q

The coccyx is made from__ fused ________ bones.

A

4

coccygeal

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7
Q

The body of a vertebra is also called the?

A

centrum

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8
Q

Describe the body of a vertebra

A

Anterior portion: A mass of spongy bone covered with a thin layer of compact bone
It is a thick, disc-shaped area
It is weight bearing

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9
Q

The vertebral arch is the…

A

The posterior portion of a vertebra

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10
Q

The vertebral arch is composed of 2 ______ and 2 ______

A

lamina

pedicles

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11
Q

Vertebral pedicles are ….

A

thick, short processes that angle away from the body leaving space for the spinal cord

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12
Q

Vertebral lamina are, and form the…

A

they come back together to form the spinal process posteriorly

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13
Q

The space formed by the lamina and pedicles is the?

A

vertebral foramen

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14
Q

The vertebral foramen becomes the vertebral canal when»>

A

2 or more vertebrae are stacked

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15
Q

Spinal nerves exit the spinal cord (on the side) through the _______ ______, formed by notches in the _____ of adjacent vertebrae.

A

intervertebral foramen

pedicles

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16
Q

What are the 7 processes of a vertebra?

A

1 Spinous process
2 Transverse processes
2 Upper-Facing Processes: Superior Articular Processes
2 Lower-Facing Processes: Inferior Articular Processes

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17
Q

The intervertebral disc is a _____ between the vertebra and is composed of these two parts.

A

pad

anulus fibrosis; nucleus pulposus

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18
Q

1/4 of the height of the spinal column comes from the _______ _____.

A

Intervertebral discs

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19
Q

The anulus fibrosis is:

A

Outer Portion of the intervertebral disc
A fibrous ring
Made from fibrocartilage

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20
Q

The nucleus pulposus is:

A

Inner portion

Soft, pulpy, highly elastic gelatinous mass

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21
Q

Why are the intervertebral discs important?

A

1- Permit various movements in the spinal column
2- Absorb vertical shock
They flatten, broaden, and bulge under compression

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22
Q

How does a disc herniate? What does this pressure?

A

If the anulus fibrosus cracks, (usually posteriorly) then the nucleus pulposus protrudes out and now you have a herniated disc
This puts pressure on the spinal cord and nerves

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23
Q

The _______ vertebra are the smallest and lightest of the vertebra.

A

cervical

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24
Q

In general, C3-C6 have a _________ foramen in each _______ _______.

A

transverse

transverse process

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25
Q

What passes through the transverse process?

A

A vertebral artery

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26
Q

The spinous process of C3-C6 is _______.

A

Bifid (has 2 little bulbs at the end)

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27
Q

The C1 is called the ______ and does not have a _______ (part of other vertebra).

A

Atlas

Body

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28
Q

Describe the appearance of the atlas

A

Actually a u-ring of bone, on each side there is a lateral mass that fits into the occipital condyle

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29
Q

Is there a disc between C1 and C2?

A

No.

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30
Q

The C2 is called the ______ and has a tooth-like process called the _______ that articulates with the _______.

A

Axis
Dens
Atlas

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31
Q

The dens is held in place by the ______ _______ of the atlas, and this joint is called the _________ joint.

A

Transverse ligament

Atlantoaxial

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32
Q

How can the dens cause injury?

A

The dens can be driven into the foramen magnum into the brain stem (medulla)

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33
Q

The C7 is called the ______ ______ because ……

A

Vertebra prominens

This spinous process is long and forms a prominent bump on the lower back of the neck

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34
Q

How is the C7 differentiated from C3-C6?

A

No bifid process

35
Q

Each thoracic vertebra articulates bilaterally with the _____.

A

Ribs

36
Q

The first 10 thoracic vertebra have _____ on the transverse process that articulate with the ______ of the ribs

A

Facets

Tubercles

37
Q

On a vertebra, the _______ ______ are depressions with cartilage in them that articulate with ribs.

A

Costal facets

38
Q

T11-T12 have no costal facets on the transverse process because ribs 11-12 only attach to the _______ _______.

A

Vertebral bodies

39
Q

Describe the spinous process of a thoracic vertebra

A

Spinous processes are relatively pointed and angled dow

40
Q

The bodies of thoracic vertebrae are _____than cervical vertebrae, but smaller than _______ vertebrae.

A

Bigger

Smaller

41
Q

Describe a lumbar vertebra

A

Largest and strongest vertebrae

Thick and stout body

42
Q

Describe the spinous process of a lumbar vertebra

A

Blunt, square-ish spinous process that comes relatively straight out

43
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

L3.

44
Q

The sacrum is a ______-shaped bone, made of ____ fused vertebrae, that fuse at age _____.

A

triangle
5
16

45
Q

The ala of the sacrum is:

A

“wing” large, rough, wing-like extensions

46
Q

What part of the sacrum articulates with L5?

A

Superior articular process

47
Q

Describe the median sacral crest

A

Only visible in posterior view

The spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae have fused into a ridge

48
Q

What is the sacral canal?

A

Like a vertebral canal, runs through through the sacrum

Contains spinal nerve roots

49
Q

The sacral canal ends at the _____ ______.

A

Sacral hiatus

50
Q

The posterior sacral foramina transmit what?

A

Dorsal rami of sacral-spinal nerves

51
Q

The anterior sacral foramina transmit what?

A

Ventral rami of sacral-spinal nerves

52
Q

What condition occurs if the vertebral arch does not close dorsally?

A

Spina bifida

53
Q

At what age does the coccyx fuse? And what bird is it alleged to resemble?

A

Age 20-30

The bill of the cuckoo bird

54
Q

What are the three spinal ligaments?

A

Anterior longitudinal
Posterior longitudinal
Nuchal

55
Q

The anterior longitudinal ligament is:

A

A broad sheath along the anterior surface of the vertebral bodies

56
Q

The posterior longitudinal ligament is:

A

Narrow sheath along posterior surface of vertebral bodies

57
Q

The nuchal ligament:

A

Attaches at external occipital protuberance

Binds the skull to the vertebral column (along the tips of the spinal processes)

58
Q

After C7 the nuchal ligament is called the _________ ligament which runs to the _______.

A

Supraspinous

Sacrum

59
Q

Why is the spine curved? What is it’s shape as a baby?

A

Curves increase strength, flexibility, balance, and resilience
C-Shaped

60
Q

Scoliosis is:

A

A lateral deviation of the spine

61
Q

Kyphosis is:

A

Exaggerated thoracic curvature “hunchback”

62
Q

Lordosis is:

A

Exaggerated lumbar curvature “swayback”

63
Q

Define the bony thorax

A

Ribcage area providing a protective enclosure

The vertebrae are posterior; ribs are lateral; sternum is anterior

64
Q

The manubrium of the sternum is:

A

triangular superior portion

65
Q

The superior margin of the sternum is also called the ______ ______ and can be felt _______.

A

Jugular notch

midline

66
Q

The body of the sternum is called the ______ and is the middle and largest portion.

A

gladiolus

67
Q

Describe the xiphoid process

A

Inferior and smallest portion

68
Q

Where the manubrium meets the gladioulus there is a landmark called the ______ ______. What is this used to find?

A

Sternal angle

2nd rib

69
Q

What ribs attach to be manubrium of the sternum?

A

1 and 2

70
Q

What ribs attach to the body of the sternum?

A

Parts of the 2nd.

3-7

71
Q

How to ribs 8-10 attach to the sternum?

A

Thru the costal cartilage of rib 7.

72
Q

Where do ribs 11 and12 attach anteriorly?

A

Do not attach to the sternum; ends are embedded in lumbar musculature

73
Q

How many pairs of “true” ribs are there? What makes them “true”?

A

7 pairs

They attach directly to the sternum.

74
Q

How many pairs of “false” ribs are there? What makes them false?

A

5 pairs

They do not attach to the sternum

75
Q

What are the “floating ribs”?

A

The last of the false ribs, and do not attach at all to the sternum

76
Q

What is costal cartilage?

A

A flexible cartilage that permits the thoracic cavity to expand during respiration
Connects the ribs to the sternum

77
Q

What is the head of a rib?

A

articulates with the bodies of two adjacent vertebrae

78
Q

What is the neck of a rib?

A

narrowing between the head and tubercle

79
Q

What is the tubercle of a rib?

A

articulates with the costal facet on the same # rib

eg 9th rib to T9 transverse process

80
Q

What is the body of a rib?

A

main part of the rib

81
Q

What is the angle of a rib? Why is it notable?

A

Point of greatest curvature in body of rib

Weakest part of the rib

82
Q

What is the sternal end of a rib?

A

where rib attaches to costal cartilage (and to sternum)

83
Q

What is a separated rib?

A

A rib that is separated from it’s costal cartilage

Anatomy & Physiology (14 decks)

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