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Anatomy & Physiology > Nervous System II > Flashcards

Nervous System II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of a neuron?

A

Dendrite, cell body, axon, axon hillock, axoplasm, axolemma, end bulb

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2
Q

What does a dendrite do?

A

Receives information

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3
Q

What does the cell body of a neuron do?

A

Receives information

Has the nucleus, organelles, and the metabolic center

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4
Q

What does an axon do?

A

Sends information

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5
Q

What does the axon hillock do?

A

Initiates the signal out

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6
Q

What is the axoplasm?

A

Cytoplasm in the axon

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7
Q

What is the axolemma?

A

The cel membrane of an axon

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8
Q

What is the end bulb?

A

Where chemical transmission happens

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9
Q

What are the three polarities of a neuron?

A

Unipolar, bipolar, multipolar

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10
Q

A bipolar neuron is….

A

Rare in the body

Found in the eye, olfactory, inner ear

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11
Q

Most sensory neurons are…..

polarity

A

Unipolar

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12
Q

Multipolar neurons are…..

A

Most common in the body

Most neurons in the brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

What are the three protective coatings of neurons?

A

Endoneurium
Perineurium
Epineurium

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14
Q

What is endoneurium?

A

A protective sheath around a single axon

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15
Q

What is perineurium?

A

Protective coating surrounding a fascicle of axons running in the same direction

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16
Q

What is epineurium?

A

A protective coating surrounding the whole spinal nerve

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17
Q

What do neurons produce and transmit?

A

Electrochemical signals

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18
Q

What is the lifespan of a neuron?

A

A lifetime- extreme longevity

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19
Q

Can neurons divide?

A

No, they’re amitotic

exceptions apply

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20
Q

What is a neuron’s metabolic rate?

A

High…need lots of O2 and glucose

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21
Q

How many neurons in a human?

A

1 trillion

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22
Q

What is neuroglia?

A

Cells that support, protect and nourish neurons

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23
Q

What is the ratio of neuroglia: neurons?

A

50:1

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24
Q

Name the 5 neuralgia cells

A 
Schwann cell
Oligodendrocyte
Microglia
Astrocytes
Ependymal cells
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25
Q

What does a Schwann cell do?

A

Forms a myelin sheath in the PNS

These cells “wrap” their membrane around an axon, leaving most of their cytoplasm and organelles pushed to the side

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26
Q

What is the composition of myelin?

A

80% lipid

20% protein

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27
Q

The gap between Schwann cells is the ________ of _______ and exposes the ____________.

A

Nodes of Ranvier

axolemma

28
Q

What is the neurilemma?

A

The cytoplasm towards the outside of the myelin in a Schwann cell; or the sheath of Schwann

29
Q

What does an oligodendrocyte do?

A

Forms a myelin sheath in the CNS

30
Q

Whats does an oligodendrocyte look like?

A

An octopus

31
Q

How many processes can an oligodendrocyte have and what is their function?

A

Up to 15. One cell makes many sheaths nearby

Each process reaches out to a nearby nerve fiber (axon) and spirals around it like a Schwann

32
Q

Myelin sheaths in the PNS are formed by ___________ ______ while in the CNS they are formed by ______________.

A

Schwann cells

Oligodendrocyte

33
Q

What is a microglia?

A

A phagocytic cell in the CNS

34
Q

Microglia are a type of _______

cell

A

Macrophage

35
Q

What do microglia develop from?

A

Develop from a white blood cell called monocyte

36
Q

Who do microglia do?

A

Wander through the CNS, phagocytizing dead material and foreign matter
Are thought to do a full check-up of the brain a few times a day

37
Q

What does a concentration of microgleal cells indicate?

A

Become concentrated in areas damaged by infection, trauma, or stroke. So their presence is a clue to the location of an injury site.

38
Q

What is the most abundant neuroglial cell?

A

Astrocyte

39
Q

What shape are astrocytes?

A

Star shaped

40
Q

The extensions of astrocytes are called _________ ______and form __________ __________ with the epithelial cells of blood capillaries.

A

Perivascular feet

Tight junctions

41
Q

Perivascular feet and tight junctions help form the _______ _______ _______.

A

Blood brain barrier.

42
Q

What does the blood brain barrier do?

A

The BBB strictly controls which substances are able to get from the bloodstream into nervous tissue.

43
Q

How to astrocytes promote neuron growth and synaptic formation?

A

By nourishing neurons and secreting growth factors

44
Q

What can astrocytes absorb? And why?

A

They can absorb K+ and neurotransmitters- to prevent them from reaching excessive levels

45
Q

What is an ependymal cell?

A

Line brain ventricles (small spaces in the brain) and the central canal in spinal cord

46
Q

What does an ependymal cell look like?

A

Resemble a simple cuboidal epithelium, but no basement membrane and instead contain root-like processes that penetrate the underlying nervous tissue

47
Q

What do ependymal cells do?

A

Non-ciliated Ependymal cells, or specialized ependymal secrete CSF,
Ciliated cells move CSF around

48
Q

What is the resting potential of a neuron?

A

-70mV

49
Q

Stimulation of a neuron changes the ________ of it’s _______.

A

Permeability

Cell membrane

50
Q

What are the stages of electrical neurotransmission?

A

Depolarization
Repolarization
Hyperpolarization

51
Q

What is depolarization?

A

1st: Na+ flows in. Then the Na+ gates close.

52
Q

What is repolarization?

A

K+ flows out

53
Q

What resets the Na+ and K+ balance of the cell? Why is this important?

A

The Na+K+ pump

The cell can retransmit once the balance is realigned

54
Q

Why does hyperpolaziation occur?

A

Because the K+ channel closes more slowly

55
Q

What is the electrical threshold of a neuron? Why is it important?

A

-55mV. If the threshold is not met, no signal is sent

56
Q

When an atom is myelinated the impulse goes faster, this is called __________ __________.

A

Saltatory Conduction

57
Q

In a myelinated cell, where do Na+ and K+ change positions?

A

Only at the nodes of Ranvier

58
Q

What are some neurotransmitters in the CNS?

A

ACh or acetylcholine
NE or norepherine
DA or dopamine
GABA

59
Q

What are some neurotransmitters in the PNS?

A

ACh or acetulcholine

NE or norepherine

60
Q

How many known neurotransmitters are there?

A

100+

61
Q

Why is Ca++ important to nerve transmission?

A

It cant occur without it.

62
Q

What is AChE?

A

Acetylcholinesterase

63
Q

What does AChE do?

A

Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme found on the membrane and in the synaptic gap.
It “eats” extra ACh

64
Q

What does AChE break ACh into?

A

Acetate and choline.

65
Q

What is the synaptic gap?

A

Space between two synapses.

Anatomy & Physiology (14 decks)

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