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Anatomy & Physiology > Appendicular Skeleton > Flashcards

Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are in the pectoral girdle?

A

2- the scapula and the clavicle

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2
Q

Which bones and how many are on one side of the upper extremity?

A

1 humerus, 1 radius, 1 ulna, 8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, 14 phalanges

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3
Q

How many bones are in the lower extremity?

A

60 bones, 30 each side

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4
Q

Which bones and how many are on one side of the lower extremity?

A

1 femur, 1 patella, 1 tibia, 1 fibula, 7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals, 14 phalanges

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5
Q

Define sprain

A

Partial tear or torn ligament

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6
Q

Define strain

A

Painful over stretching of muscle or tendon

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7
Q

Describe the anatomy of the clavicle

A

Long bone with two S-shaped curves

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8
Q

What does the lateral end of the clavicle articulate with?

A

The acromion process of the scapula. The acromioclavicular joint

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9
Q

What does the medial end of the clavicle articulate with?

A

The manubrium of the sternum. The sternoclavicular joint

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10
Q

The ___________ joint and the ___________ joint form the only bony connections between the ________ skeleton and the __________ girdle.

A

sternoclavicular
acromioclavicular
axial
pectoral

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11
Q

What is the weakest point of the clavicle, where most fractures happen?

A

The junction of the S-curves

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12
Q

How does the clavicle act like a strut?

A

It holds the scapula and the arm away from the rib cage

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13
Q

General shape of the scapula?

A

Spade or shovel

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14
Q

Describe the anatomy of the scapula

A

Large triangular bone located on the back of the rib cage, attached only by a group of muscles

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15
Q

Draw the borders and angles of the scapula

A

See drawing

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16
Q

List the parts of the scapula

A

Superior border, medial or vertebral border, lateral or axillary border, inferior angle, superior angle, lateral angle. spine, acromion, coracoid process, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa, sub scapular fossa, glenoid fossa, glenoid labrum, supraglenoid tubercule, infraglenoid tubercule, suprascapular notch

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17
Q

Describe the anatomy of the spine of the scapula

A

On the posterior surface, ends laterally as the acromion

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18
Q

Describe the anatomy of the acromion

A

Flattened point of the shoulder

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19
Q

Describe the anatomy of the coracoid process of the scapula

A

Projects anterior from the superior border

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20
Q

What comes off of the coracoid process?

A

The short head of the biceps brachii

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21
Q

Describe the location of the supraspinous and the infraspinous fossa of the scapula

A

supraspinous fossa - above the spine
infraspinous fossa - below the spine
posterior view for both

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22
Q

Describe the location and anatomy of the subscapular fossa

A

Anterior view - around the rib cage

Slightly concave, smooth surface, no spine

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23
Q

What is the function of the glenoid fossa of the scapula?

A

Holds the head of the humerus in its depression

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24
Q

What is the glenoid labrum of the scapula made of and what is its function?

A

Fibrocartilage

Enlarges the glenoid fossa

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25
Q

Describe the anatomy of the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula

A

Projection at the top of glenoid fossa

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26
Q

What comes off of the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula?

A

Long head of the biceps brachii

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27
Q

Describe the anatomy of the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula

A

Projection at the bottom of glenoid fossa

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28
Q

What comes off of the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula?

A

Long head of the triceps brachii

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29
Q

Describe the location and anatomy of the subscapular notch

A

On the superior border

Has superior transverse ligament over it

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30
Q

Describe the anatomy of the humerus

A

Starts in the diaphysis proximally as a cylinder, in the mid-diaphysis becomes triangular, and distal diaphysis is broad and flattened

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31
Q

List the proximal, middle, and distal parts of the humerus

A

Proximal - head, anatomical neck, surgical neck, greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, inter tubercular groove
Mid - deltoid tuberosity
Distal - lateral epicondyle, medial epicondyle, capitulum, trochlea, coronoid fossa, radial fossa, olecranon fossa

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32
Q

What does the head of the humerus articulate with?

A

The glenoid fossa

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33
Q

What is the anatomical neck of the humerus?

A

A slight groove all the way around the head of the humerus

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34
Q

What is the surgical neck of the humerus?

A

A constricted portion further down

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35
Q

Where do most humeral fractures occur?

A

At the surgical neck

36
Q

What is the greater tubercle of the humerus?

A

A lateral projection of the humerus

37
Q

What is the lesser tubercle of the humerus?

A

A lateral projection of the proximal humerus

38
Q

What attaches to the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus?

A

The muscles of the rotator cuff

39
Q

What lays in the intertubercular groove of the humerus?

A

The long head of the biceps brachii

40
Q

What is the other name for the intertubercular groove of the humerus?

A

Bicipital groove

41
Q

Describe the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus

A

A lateral rough area, about 1/3 down the shaft

42
Q

What attaches to the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus?

A

The deltoid muscle

43
Q

What is the purpose of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus?

A

Muscle attachment

44
Q

What is the purpose of the medial epicondyle of the humerus?

A

Muscle attachment

45
Q

Which epicondyle of the humerus sticks out further?

A

The medial epicondyle

46
Q

Describe the anatomy of the trochlea of the humerus

A

A pulley-like shape

47
Q

What does the trochlea of the humerus articulate with?

48
Q

In which anatomical view(s) is the trochlea of the humerus visible?

A

Anterior and posterior

49
Q

What is the anatomy of the capitulum of the humerus?

A

A rounded knob

50
Q

In which anatomical view(s) is the capitulum of the humerus visible?

51
Q

What articulates with the coronoid fossa of the humerus?

A

The coronoid process of the ulna, hone the arm is flexed

52
Q

What articulates with the radial fossa of the humerus?

A

The head of the radius, when the arm is flexed

53
Q

In which anatomical view(s) can the coronoid fossa be viewed?

54
Q

In which anatomical view(s) can the radial fossa be viewed?

55
Q

What articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus?

A

Olecranon process of the ulna

56
Q

In which anatomical view(s) can the olecranon fossa be viewed?

57
Q

On which side of the forearm is the radius?

A

Thumb side

58
Q

What bones does the radius articulate with?

A

Proximally, the capitulum of the humerus

Distally, the carpals

59
Q

List the parts of the radius

A

Head, neck, radial tuberosity, styloid process

60
Q

What is the radial tuberosity?

A

The insertion point of the biceps brachii

61
Q

Where is the styloid process of the radius?

A

Distal on the thumb side. Can be palpated just before the wrist

62
Q

What is the anatomical position of the ulna?

A

Medial to the radius; on the pinkie side of the hand

63
Q

Which forearm bone is longer?

64
Q

What does the ulna articulate with?

A

Proximally, the trochlea of the humerus

Distally, the carpal bones

65
Q

What is the olecranon process of the ulna?

A

A prominence we call the elbow

66
Q

What is the trochlear notch of the ulna?

A

Semilunar notch

Articulates with the trochlea of the humerus

67
Q

What is the coronoid process of the ulna?

A

Fits into the coronoid fossa of the humerus

68
Q

Where is the head of the ulna?

A

At the distal end

69
Q

What is the anatomical function of the styloid process of the radius?

A

Encompasses carpal bones

70
Q

Which bones in the upper extremities have styloid processes?

A

The radius and ulna

71
Q

What is the difference between the head of the radius and the head of the ulna?

A

Head of the radius is proximal

Head of the ulna is distal

72
Q

What connects the radius and ulna?

A

An interosseous membrane

73
Q

What kind of joint is the interosseous membrane?

A

A syndesmoses

74
Q

What is the anatomy of the carpal bones?

A

8 bones joined by ligaments

75
Q

What is the physiology of the carpal bones?

A

Many gliding joints allow many movements

76
Q

Name the 8 carpal bones

A

“Scared lovers try positions that they can’t handle”
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform
Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

77
Q

What is carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

A swelling inside the wrist due to prolonged, repetitive motion

78
Q

Name two populations at high risk of carpal tunnel?

A

Office workers who type and cashiers

79
Q

What is the flexor retinaculum?

A

A heavy fibrous band that keeps stuff in the carpal tunnel

80
Q

How is pain caused in carpal tunnel? Where is it felt?

A

Pain is due to the compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel. Pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness are are felt in the hand (not the wrist).

81
Q

What is the anatomy of the metacarpals?

A

The “palm” of the hand, so spaces between these bones are covered by soft tissue
Attached to carpal bones and constitute the concave framework of the palm
Numbered I-V (I is the thumb)

82
Q

Describe the parts of a metacarpal

A

The base is proximal, then the shaft, and the head is distal

83
Q

Anatomically, what is the knuckle of the hand?

A

The distal ends (heads) of the metacarpals

84
Q

How many phalanges are there?

85
Q

What is the pollex? How many phalanges?

A

The thumb. 2: proximal phalanx and distal phalanx

86
Q

How many phalanges are in each finger? Name them.

A
  1. Proximal phalanx
    Middle phalanx
    Distal phalanx
87
Q

Which bone is proximal phalanx I?

A

1st phalanx on pollex

Anatomy & Physiology (14 decks)

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