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Advanced Skincare > The Skin > Flashcards

The Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What are the appendages of the skin?

A

hair
nails
sudoiferous glands
sebacious glands

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2
Q

Characteristics of healthy skin:

A

smooth
soft
slightly moist
slightly acidic (pH 5.5)

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3
Q

List the functions of the skin

A 
Protection
Heat regulation
Absorption
Sensation
Secretion
Excretion
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4
Q

Describe the main protective functions of the skin

A

1) Barrier function: the cornecytes and the intercellular matrix in between (composed of lipids) act as a protective barrier keeping pathogens from entering skin. Protects against TEWL
2) Acid mantle: a protective film on surface of skin. consists of sebum, lipids, sweat and water and is slightly acidic (lubricates and kills bacteria)
3) Regenerative ability and hyperproduction of cells (platelets and clotting)
5) Protect against UV rays - melanocytes produce melanin

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5
Q

What is transepidermal water loss? (TEWL)

A

Evaporation of water on the skin’s surface, occurs when the barrier function is compromised

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6
Q

What is the main function of the sudoiferous gland?

A

Thermoregulation. Heat is released through perspiration.

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7
Q

What are 2 automatic responses to warm body?

A

Goosebumps (arrector pilli muscles)

Shivering

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8
Q

How does our skin regulate our temperature?

A

Perspiration
Evaporation
radiation
insulation

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9
Q

What does it mean that skin in selectively permeable?

A

allows absorption of beneficial ingredients (oxygen, water, vitamin D from sun)

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10
Q

How are topical products absorbed into skin?

A 
follicle walls
sebacious glands
sudoiferous glands
intercellular (between cells)
intracellular (through cells)

*dependent on molecule size

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11
Q

How does our skin help us experience our senses?

A

Sensory receptors in our skin help us feel touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold sensations

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12
Q

Where are sensory receptors located?

A

The Dermis

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13
Q

What are the effects of estrogen on the skin?

A

Anti-innflammatory
Antioxidant
Helps mainatin moisture
helps with tissue repair

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14
Q

Describe the secretion function of the skin

A

Sebacious glands: secrete sebum

sebum coats the skin and slows TEWL, keeps skin soft and protects against bacteria/elements

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15
Q

What is the secondary function of the sudoiferous glands?

A

They excrete small amounts of salts, chemicals and water through pores to help detoxify the body

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16
Q

What is an appocrine gland?

A
  • Sweat glands located underarms and genital area
  • attatched to hair follicles
  • sensitive to adrenalin active during sex/stress
  • odor associated
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17
Q

What is an eccrine gland?

A
  • sweat glands not attched to follicle, release sweat through pores all over body
  • associated with excersize and heat
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18
Q

What is normal temperature of body?

A

37 degress

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19
Q

where are melanocytes found?

A

Basal layer of epidermis and papillary layer of dermis

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20
Q

How is the epidermis nourished?

A

blood and lymph from the dermis

21
Q

Why do people have different skin colors?

A

Skin color is not dependent on the number of melanocytes everyone has the same amount.
Darker skinned people have larger melanosomes and therefore more melanin

22
Q

Describe the deepest layer of the skin

A

The hypodermis:

  • connective tissue, mainly adipose tissue
  • gives insulation, stores energy, necessary for hormone production
23
Q

Where are thick networks of collagen and elastin found?

A

the reticular layer of th dermis

24
Q

Define collagen

A

gives skin its strength

25
Q

Define Elastin

A

gives skin its elasticity

26
Q

What is hyaluronic acid? and what does it do?

A

Hyaluronic acid is a water binder molecule (GAG) found in the intercelluar space of the dermis.
Attacts water and helps keep skin hydrated

27
Q

What is the dermal epidermal junction?

A

Where the dermis meets the epidermis and provides nourishment through blood and lymph vessels

28
Q

define fibroblasts

A

cells found in the dermis that stimulate the production of collagen and elastin

29
Q

what do keratinocytes produce? what layer is it produced?

A

keratin

produced in the statum granulosum

30
Q

pheomelanin

A

red/yellow colored melanin

31
Q

what is dark brown/ black melanin called?

A

eumelanin

32
Q

define tyrosinase

A

An enzyme that stimulates melanoytes to produce melanin

33
Q

List structures found in the dermis

A 
Collagen
Elastin
Hair follicles
sebacious glands 
sudoiferous glands
arrector pilli muscles
Nerve endings
capillaries
34
Q

What occurs in the basal layer?

A
  • Mitosis (proliferation of keratinocytes)
  • Melanocytes produce melanin pigment
  • Stem cells differentiate into other cells
35
Q

What happens in the stratum spinosum?

A
  • junctions between keratinocytes are formed called DESMOSOMES which hold cells together
  • langerhans cells (guard cells) found in this layer
36
Q

What happens in the Stratum granulosum?

A
  • desmosomes are dissolved
  • Keratin is produced by keratinocytes
  • lintercellular ipids are produced here
37
Q

what do Lamellar granules do?

A

help produce lipids for the intercellular matrix

38
Q

Where on the body is the Stratum Lucidum layer found?

A

only found palms of hands and soles of feet

clear layer

39
Q

Describe the outtermost layer of the epidermis

A

Stratum Corneum:

  • composed of corneocytes (dead cells) and intercelluar matrix which forms a skin barrier
  • desquamation the shedding of dead skin cells occurs constantly and cells from lower layer replace these cells
40
Q

How long is cell turnover in average person?

A

28 days (slows down as we age)

41
Q

Define glycation

A
  • glycation is when glucose molecules bind to proteins and negatively affect their biological functioning.
  • glucose attches to collagen causing wrinkles and elastin causing stiffness
42
Q

differentiate between UV Rays

A

UVC - stopped by ozone layer
UVB- shorter wavelengths, cause burning, cancer and give us vit D
UVA- aging rays penetrate into dermis and damage collagen and elastin

43
Q

List signs of photoaging

A 
hyperpigmentation
telangiectasia
wrinkles
sagging
cancers
44
Q

What are free radicals?

What causes them?

A

unstable electrons in our bodies that steal electrons from other molecules causing a chain reaction of destruction in our body

45
Q

Define antioxidants

A

molecules that have extra electons and are vital to stabilize free radicals on our bodies

46
Q

List 4 antioxidants

A

vitamin C
Vitamin E
Niacinamide
green Tea

47
Q

What causes skin cancer?

A

UV rays cause damage to the DNA

cells divide rapidly and unevenly

48
Q

What are langerhans cells and where are they found?

A

They are cells that provide immunity (guard cells) and are found in the Stratum spinosum.

Advanced Skincare (14 decks)

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