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Physiology > The Skeletal System > Flashcards

The Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the skeleton?

A

The bony connective tissue that makes up the framework of the body

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2
Q

What is orthopedics?

A

The study of the restoration and preservation of bones, joints, and associated structures

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3
Q

How many bones in an adult?

A

206

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4
Q

What is the largest bone in the body?

A

Femur

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5
Q

What is the smallest bone in the body?

A

Stirrup (stapes)

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6
Q

What is the Axial skeleton?

A

Skull, vertebral column, and thorax

80 bones

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7
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

Bones of upper and lower limbs

126 bones

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8
Q

What is a long bone?

A

A shaft and two extremities

Ex. Tibia, fibula, humerus, femur, ulna

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9
Q

What is a short bone?

A

About the same size in all directions

Ex. Carpals, tarsals

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10
Q

What is a flat bone?

A

Two sides that are parallel

Ex. Pelvic, sternum, scapula, cranium

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11
Q

What is an irregular bone?

A

Does not fit the other three categories

Ex. Patella, some facial bones, ear bones, vertebrae

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12
Q

What are the functions of bones?

A

1.) Support-provides framework for the body and soft parts
2.) Protection-internal organs are protected by bones
Ex. Lungs–>ribs, brain–>cranium, heart–>sternum
3.) Movement-skeletal muscles attach to bones which allow for movement
4.) RBC and WBC Production-produced in red bone marrow
5.) Stores Energy-yellow bone marrow (lipids)
6.) Mineral Storage-bones store Ca and P

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13
Q

What is the chemical makeup of bone material?

A

3C2(PO4)2Ca(OH)2

Hydroxyapetite

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14
Q

What is trabeculae?

A

Actual boney material

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15
Q

What does red bone marrow do?

A

Produces red blood cells

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16
Q

What is spongy bone?

A

RBM and trabeculae

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17
Q

What is ossification?

A

Process of bone formation

Hardening of bones

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18
Q

Describe ossification of an embryo.

A

Human embryo is hyaline cartilage.

Ossification begins at the 7th week of development and continues throughout life.

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19
Q

List and describe the two types of ossification.

A
  1. ) Endochondral Ossification
    • takes place in long bones
    • replacing of cartilage with bone
  2. ) Intramembranous Ossification
    • takes place in flat bones
    • replacing of a membrane with bone
      1. Osteoblasts within membrane multiply and divide forming.
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20
Q

What are the steps of Endochondral Ossification?

A
  1. ) Embryonic mesodermal cells come together in shape of a bone.
  2. ) A membrane called Perichondrium forms around cartilage model.
  3. ) At the primary ossification center, cartilage cells will coalesce to form rows of cartilage.
  4. ) Blood and Calcium salts will enter artery.
  5. ) Osteoblasts (bone forming cells) enter artery and form trabeculae.
  6. ) Cartilage rows are reabsorbed and exit through artery.
  7. ) Lipids will enter artery and force spongy bone to edges forming medullary canal.
  8. ) Osteoblasts within Perichondrium will multiply and divide forming compact bone, allowing bone to grow in diameter.
  9. ) At the growth plate (epiphyseal disk) osteoblasts multiply and divide allowing bone to grow in length.
  10. ) Secondary ossification center is exactly the same as primary except: stays trabeculae, edges remain cartilage
  11. ) Perichondrium becomes periosteum.
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21
Q

During Endochondral Ossification, what four things enter through the artery?

A

Calcium salts, osteoblasts, lipids, and blood

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22
Q

Where is the primary ossification center of Endochondral Ossification?

A

The shaft of the bone

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23
Q

What is a joint?

A

Junction of two or more bones

24
Q

What is arthrology?

A

Study of joints

25
Q

What is an articulation?

A

Junction of parts

26
Q

What are the three types of articulations?

A

Bone to bone
Teeth to bone
Cartilage to bone

27
Q

What is a diarthrose joint?

A

A freely movable joint

28
Q

What is an amphiarthrose joint?

A

Slightly movable joint

Ex. Ear bones, where ribs attach to vertebrae, carpals and tarsals

29
Q

What is a synarthrose joint?

A

An immovable joint

Ex. Cranial bones

30
Q

What is a ball and socket joint?

A

Provides freest movement in all planes
One bone with a cup like part connected with another bone with a ball like part
Ex. Femur and hip bone, humerus and scapula

31
Q

What is a hinge joint?

A

Powerful movement in one plane

Ex. Elbow, knee

32
Q

What is a pivot joint?

A

Rotational movement

Ex. Radius and ulna, cranium and top vertebrae

33
Q

What is a gliding joint?

A

One bone slides over another bone

Ex. Carpals, tarsals, vertebrae

34
Q

What is a saddle joint?

A

Movement in two planes

Ex. Fingers, toes

35
Q

What is flexion?

A

Decreasing angle between parts

36
Q

What is extension?

A

Increasing angle between parts

37
Q

What is abduction?

A

Drawing away from midline of the body

38
Q

What is adduction?

A

Drawing toward midline of body

39
Q

What is rotation?

A

Turning on an axis

40
Q

What is circumduction?

A

Includes all five movements

Ex. Jumping jacks

41
Q

Describe the structure of a joint.

A

Outer membrane-Fibrous capsule

Inner membrane-Synovial membrane: produces and secretes synovial fluid for lubrication, nutrition, separating bones

42
Q

What is Hyperthrophic arthritis?

A

Age related
Overused joints
Cartilage wears away–>bone rubbing on bone

43
Q

What is Rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Affects 3x more women
Hormones, emotions
Synovial membrane no longer produces synovial fluid
Bones could ossify together

44
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Weakening of bones
Age related, weight, smoking, drugs, alcohol
Menopause #1 cause

45
Q

What is rickets?

A

Third world countries

Lack of vitamin D

46
Q

What is a fracture?

A

Any break in a bone

47
Q

What is a hairline/green stick fracture?

A

Partial break in bone

48
Q

What is a simple fracture?

A

Complete break

49
Q

What is a compound fracture?

A

Complete break and one or more bones penetrate skin

50
Q

What is osteomyelitis?

A

A bone infection

51
Q

What’s the difference between tendons and ligaments?

A

Tendons connect muscle to bone

Ligaments connect bone to bone

52
Q

What is a bursa?

A

A fluid filled sack between the skin and some bones

53
Q

How does a long bone grow in length and diameter?

A

Osteoblasts multiply and divide

54
Q

What are the two differences between the primary and secondary ossification centers?

A

Secondary ossification center stays trabeculae and the edges remain cartilage

55
Q

What happens to the cartilage rows that were formed in Endochondral ossification?

A

Reabsorbed and exit through artery

56
Q

What is dislocation?

A

When bones are forced out of their normal position

Physiology (11 decks)

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