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The Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the skeleton?

A

The bony connective tissue that makes up the framework of the body

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2
Q

What is orthopedics?

A

The study of the restoration and preservation of bones, joints, and associated structures

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3
Q

How many bones in an adult?

A

206

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4
Q

What is the largest bone in the body?

A

Femur

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5
Q

What is the smallest bone in the body?

A

Stirrup (stapes)

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6
Q

What is the Axial skeleton?

A

Skull, vertebral column, and thorax

80 bones

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7
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

Bones of upper and lower limbs

126 bones

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8
Q

What is a long bone?

A

A shaft and two extremities

Ex. Tibia, fibula, humerus, femur, ulna

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9
Q

What is a short bone?

A

About the same size in all directions

Ex. Carpals, tarsals

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10
Q

What is a flat bone?

A

Two sides that are parallel

Ex. Pelvic, sternum, scapula, cranium

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11
Q

What is an irregular bone?

A

Does not fit the other three categories

Ex. Patella, some facial bones, ear bones, vertebrae

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12
Q

What are the functions of bones?

A

1.) Support-provides framework for the body and soft parts
2.) Protection-internal organs are protected by bones
Ex. Lungs–>ribs, brain–>cranium, heart–>sternum
3.) Movement-skeletal muscles attach to bones which allow for movement
4.) RBC and WBC Production-produced in red bone marrow
5.) Stores Energy-yellow bone marrow (lipids)
6.) Mineral Storage-bones store Ca and P

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13
Q

What is the chemical makeup of bone material?

A

3C2(PO4)2Ca(OH)2

Hydroxyapetite

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14
Q

What is trabeculae?

A

Actual boney material

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15
Q

What does red bone marrow do?

A

Produces red blood cells

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16
Q

What is spongy bone?

A

RBM and trabeculae

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17
Q

What is ossification?

A

Process of bone formation

Hardening of bones

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18
Q

Describe ossification of an embryo.

A

Human embryo is hyaline cartilage.

Ossification begins at the 7th week of development and continues throughout life.

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19
Q

List and describe the two types of ossification.

A
  1. ) Endochondral Ossification
    • takes place in long bones
    • replacing of cartilage with bone
  2. ) Intramembranous Ossification
    • takes place in flat bones
    • replacing of a membrane with bone
      1. Osteoblasts within membrane multiply and divide forming.
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20
Q

What are the steps of Endochondral Ossification?

A
  1. ) Embryonic mesodermal cells come together in shape of a bone.
  2. ) A membrane called Perichondrium forms around cartilage model.
  3. ) At the primary ossification center, cartilage cells will coalesce to form rows of cartilage.
  4. ) Blood and Calcium salts will enter artery.
  5. ) Osteoblasts (bone forming cells) enter artery and form trabeculae.
  6. ) Cartilage rows are reabsorbed and exit through artery.
  7. ) Lipids will enter artery and force spongy bone to edges forming medullary canal.
  8. ) Osteoblasts within Perichondrium will multiply and divide forming compact bone, allowing bone to grow in diameter.
  9. ) At the growth plate (epiphyseal disk) osteoblasts multiply and divide allowing bone to grow in length.
  10. ) Secondary ossification center is exactly the same as primary except: stays trabeculae, edges remain cartilage
  11. ) Perichondrium becomes periosteum.
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21
Q

During Endochondral Ossification, what four things enter through the artery?

A

Calcium salts, osteoblasts, lipids, and blood

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22
Q

Where is the primary ossification center of Endochondral Ossification?

A

The shaft of the bone

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23
Q

What is a joint?

A

Junction of two or more bones

24
Q

What is arthrology?

A

Study of joints

25
What is an articulation?
Junction of parts
26
What are the three types of articulations?
Bone to bone Teeth to bone Cartilage to bone
27
What is a diarthrose joint?
A freely movable joint
28
What is an amphiarthrose joint?
Slightly movable joint | Ex. Ear bones, where ribs attach to vertebrae, carpals and tarsals
29
What is a synarthrose joint?
An immovable joint | Ex. Cranial bones
30
What is a ball and socket joint?
Provides freest movement in all planes One bone with a cup like part connected with another bone with a ball like part Ex. Femur and hip bone, humerus and scapula
31
What is a hinge joint?
Powerful movement in one plane | Ex. Elbow, knee
32
What is a pivot joint?
Rotational movement | Ex. Radius and ulna, cranium and top vertebrae
33
What is a gliding joint?
One bone slides over another bone | Ex. Carpals, tarsals, vertebrae
34
What is a saddle joint?
Movement in two planes | Ex. Fingers, toes
35
What is flexion?
Decreasing angle between parts
36
What is extension?
Increasing angle between parts
37
What is abduction?
Drawing away from midline of the body
38
What is adduction?
Drawing toward midline of body
39
What is rotation?
Turning on an axis
40
What is circumduction?
Includes all five movements | Ex. Jumping jacks
41
Describe the structure of a joint.
Outer membrane-Fibrous capsule | Inner membrane-Synovial membrane: produces and secretes synovial fluid for lubrication, nutrition, separating bones
42
What is Hyperthrophic arthritis?
Age related Overused joints Cartilage wears away-->bone rubbing on bone
43
What is Rheumatoid arthritis?
Affects 3x more women Hormones, emotions Synovial membrane no longer produces synovial fluid Bones could ossify together
44
What is osteoporosis?
Weakening of bones Age related, weight, smoking, drugs, alcohol Menopause #1 cause
45
What is rickets?
Third world countries | Lack of vitamin D
46
What is a fracture?
Any break in a bone
47
What is a hairline/green stick fracture?
Partial break in bone
48
What is a simple fracture?
Complete break
49
What is a compound fracture?
Complete break and one or more bones penetrate skin
50
What is osteomyelitis?
A bone infection
51
What's the difference between tendons and ligaments?
Tendons connect muscle to bone | Ligaments connect bone to bone
52
What is a bursa?
A fluid filled sack between the skin and some bones
53
How does a long bone grow in length and diameter?
Osteoblasts multiply and divide
54
What are the two differences between the primary and secondary ossification centers?
Secondary ossification center stays trabeculae and the edges remain cartilage
55
What happens to the cartilage rows that were formed in Endochondral ossification?
Reabsorbed and exit through artery
56
What is dislocation?
When bones are forced out of their normal position

Physiology (11 decks)

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