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Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What element is found in every organic molecule?

A

Carbon

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2
Q

A drawing of the molecule is what kind of formula?

A

Structural formula

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3
Q

What kind of formula is this?

H2O

A

Chemical/Empirical formula

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4
Q

What are the names and formulas for the carbon chains?

A

Methane: CH4
Ethane: C2H6
Propane: C3H8
Butane: C4H10

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5
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Sugars, starches, and cellulose

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6
Q

What elements make up carbohydrates?

A

C, H, O

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7
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Simple sugars

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8
Q

What is the ratio of the elements of Monosaccharides?

A

C:H:O
1:2:1

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9
Q

What is the chemical formula of Pentose?

A

C5H10O5

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10
Q

What is the chemical formula of hexose?

A

C6H12O6

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11
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Molecules that have the same chemical formula but different structures

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12
Q

What are the structural isomers of Hexose?

A

Glucose: “blood sugar”
Galactose: “milk sugar”
Fructose: “fruit sugar”

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13
Q

What are Disaccharides?

A

“Double sugars”

M+M=D

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14
Q

What are the three Disaccharides?

A

Maltose: glucose+glucose= “grain sugar”
Sucrose: glucose+fructose= “table sugar” (sugarcane, sugar beet)
Lactose: glucose+galactose= “milk sugar”

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15
Q

What is the chemical equation of a Disaccharide?

A

C12H22O11

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16
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

The process of combining small molecules to form a large molecule and water AKA- condensation reaction

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17
Q

What is a saturated fat?

A

Chain of carbons bonded to hydrogens

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18
Q

What is an unsaturated fat?

A

A chain of carbon bonded with some hydrogens and double bonded between some carbons

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19
Q

How do you go from an unsaturated fat to a saturated fat?

A

Heating it breaks double bonds between carbons and the single bonds fill with hydrogens

20
Q

What are Polysaccharides?

A

“Complex carbs” made up of three or more glucose units

21
Q

How many glucose units make up a starch?

22
Q

How many glucose units make up cellulose?

23
Q

Where is cellulose found and why can’t humans digest it?

A

Found in plants
Too large a molecule for humans to digest
Termites can break it down

24
Q

What is the chemical formula of a polysaccharide?

A

(C6H10O5)N

25
What three plants produce starch?
Potato, tapioca, corn
26
What is glycogen?
Animal starch Stored everywhere in body except brain A lot of starch stored in muscles and liver
27
Explain the process of starch digestion.
1. ) Put starch in mouth and chew. Salivary amylase begins to break bonds between glucose units. (We don't chew long enough.) 2. ) Bolus (partially digested food) enters the stomach. No chemical digestion in stomach. Stomach acid neutralized salivary amylase. 3. ) Bolus enters first part of small intestine called duodenum. Here, another enzyme called pancreatic amylase totally breaks the bonds between glucose units.
28
What us hydrolysis?
Breaking a large molecule down into smaller molecules by adding water Ex: starch digestion Opposite of dehydration synthesis
29
What are lipids?
Fats, oils, waxes
30
What are the functions of fats?
1. Insulation and protection 2. Energy 3. In cell membranes
31
What elements makes up lipids?
C, H, O
32
Can lipids be dissolved by water?
No
33
What molecules can dissolve a lipid?
Ether, Benzene, and Chloroform
34
What are the subunits of a lipid?
1 glycerol | 3 fatty acids
35
What are some examples of oils?
Olive, coconut, corn, cottonseed
36
What state of matter are saturated fats?
Solid
37
What state of matter are unsaturated fats?
Liquid
38
What is hydrogenation?
Converting an unsaturated fat into a saturated fat by heating it
39
What are proteins?
Most abundant organic molecule in the body | Make up hair, skin, nails, organs, hormones, enzymes, antibodies
40
What elements make up proteins?
C, H, O, N Often- S Sometimes- P, Fe
41
What are the 2 structural proteins?
Collegen- cartilage | Elastin- skin
42
What are the subunits of a protein?
Amino Acids (20 different)
43
What is the structure of an amino acid?
A carbon bonded to H, COOH (carboxyl), NH2 (amine) and a variable
44
What kind of bonds hold amino acids together?
Peptide bonds
45
How many amino acids make up a protein?
50-2,000
46
What are enzymes?
Act as a catalyst (starts or speeds up a reaction but is not part of the final product) Enzymes a specific "lock and key" Ex: salivary amylase only breaks down a starch

Physiology (11 decks)

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