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Physiology > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What element is found in every organic molecule?

A

Carbon

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2
Q

A drawing of the molecule is what kind of formula?

A

Structural formula

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3
Q

What kind of formula is this?

H2O

A

Chemical/Empirical formula

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4
Q

What are the names and formulas for the carbon chains?

A

Methane: CH4
Ethane: C2H6
Propane: C3H8
Butane: C4H10

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5
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Sugars, starches, and cellulose

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6
Q

What elements make up carbohydrates?

A

C, H, O

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7
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Simple sugars

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8
Q

What is the ratio of the elements of Monosaccharides?

A

C:H:O
1:2:1

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9
Q

What is the chemical formula of Pentose?

A

C5H10O5

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10
Q

What is the chemical formula of hexose?

A

C6H12O6

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11
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Molecules that have the same chemical formula but different structures

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12
Q

What are the structural isomers of Hexose?

A

Glucose: “blood sugar”
Galactose: “milk sugar”
Fructose: “fruit sugar”

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13
Q

What are Disaccharides?

A

“Double sugars”

M+M=D

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14
Q

What are the three Disaccharides?

A

Maltose: glucose+glucose= “grain sugar”
Sucrose: glucose+fructose= “table sugar” (sugarcane, sugar beet)
Lactose: glucose+galactose= “milk sugar”

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15
Q

What is the chemical equation of a Disaccharide?

A

C12H22O11

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16
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

The process of combining small molecules to form a large molecule and water AKA- condensation reaction

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17
Q

What is a saturated fat?

A

Chain of carbons bonded to hydrogens

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18
Q

What is an unsaturated fat?

A

A chain of carbon bonded with some hydrogens and double bonded between some carbons

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19
Q

How do you go from an unsaturated fat to a saturated fat?

A

Heating it breaks double bonds between carbons and the single bonds fill with hydrogens

20
Q

What are Polysaccharides?

A

“Complex carbs” made up of three or more glucose units

21
Q

How many glucose units make up a starch?

A

200

22
Q

How many glucose units make up cellulose?

A

2,000

23
Q

Where is cellulose found and why can’t humans digest it?

A

Found in plants
Too large a molecule for humans to digest
Termites can break it down

24
Q

What is the chemical formula of a polysaccharide?

A

(C6H10O5)N

25
Q

What three plants produce starch?

A

Potato, tapioca, corn

26
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Animal starch
Stored everywhere in body except brain
A lot of starch stored in muscles and liver

27
Q

Explain the process of starch digestion.

A
  1. ) Put starch in mouth and chew. Salivary amylase begins to break bonds between glucose units. (We don’t chew long enough.)
  2. ) Bolus (partially digested food) enters the stomach. No chemical digestion in stomach. Stomach acid neutralized salivary amylase.
  3. ) Bolus enters first part of small intestine called duodenum. Here, another enzyme called pancreatic amylase totally breaks the bonds between glucose units.
28
Q

What us hydrolysis?

A

Breaking a large molecule down into smaller molecules by adding water Ex: starch digestion
Opposite of dehydration synthesis

29
Q

What are lipids?

A

Fats, oils, waxes

30
Q

What are the functions of fats?

A
  1. Insulation and protection
  2. Energy
  3. In cell membranes
31
Q

What elements makes up lipids?

A

C, H, O

32
Q

Can lipids be dissolved by water?

A

No

33
Q

What molecules can dissolve a lipid?

A

Ether, Benzene, and Chloroform

34
Q

What are the subunits of a lipid?

A

1 glycerol

3 fatty acids

35
Q

What are some examples of oils?

A

Olive, coconut, corn, cottonseed

36
Q

What state of matter are saturated fats?

A

Solid

37
Q

What state of matter are unsaturated fats?

A

Liquid

38
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

Converting an unsaturated fat into a saturated fat by heating it

39
Q

What are proteins?

A

Most abundant organic molecule in the body

Make up hair, skin, nails, organs, hormones, enzymes, antibodies

40
Q

What elements make up proteins?

A

C, H, O, N
Often- S
Sometimes- P, Fe

41
Q

What are the 2 structural proteins?

A

Collegen- cartilage

Elastin- skin

42
Q

What are the subunits of a protein?

A

Amino Acids (20 different)

43
Q

What is the structure of an amino acid?

A

A carbon bonded to H, COOH (carboxyl), NH2 (amine) and a variable

44
Q

What kind of bonds hold amino acids together?

A

Peptide bonds

45
Q

How many amino acids make up a protein?

A

50-2,000

46
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Act as a catalyst (starts or speeds up a reaction but is not part of the final product)
Enzymes a specific “lock and key” Ex: salivary amylase only breaks down a starch

Physiology (11 decks)

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