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Physiology > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

What is cytology?

A

The study of cells

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2
Q

What is the timeline of the cell discovery?

A

1665- Robert Hooke observed a cell for the first time, wrote “Micrographia” about his findings
1833- Robert Brown observed nucleus
1835- Dujardin observed cell content (cytoplasm)
1838- Mathius Schleiden, botanist, all plants are made of cells
Theodor Schwann, zoologist, all animals are made of cells

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3
Q

What is cell theory?

A

All living things are made of cells

Cells come from pre-existing cells

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4
Q

How many cells in an average adult human?

A

50 trillion cells

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5
Q

Describe the cell process of nutrition.

A

Water and food molecules necessary to support the processes of the cell
Autotroph: organism manufactures its own food (plants)
Heterotroph: organisms get food from environment- heterotrophs are dependent on autotrophs

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6
Q

Describe the cell process of digestion.

A

Enzymes in the cell prepare food for cell use

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7
Q

Describe the cell process of absorption.

A

Water and food molecules transported into the cell from the environment

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8
Q

Describe the cell process of synthesis.

A

Cells organize (make) their own specific proteins-DNA controls protein synthesis (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

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9
Q

Describe the cell process of respiration.

A

Energy released by the cell when certain organic molecules, especially glucose, are split (broken down)

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10
Q

Describe the cell process of excretion.

A

Digested waste products eliminated by the cell.

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11
Q

Describe the cell process of egestion.

A

Undigested waste products eliminated by the cell (ex. Throwing up)

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12
Q

Describe the cell process of secretion.

A

Some cells synthesize molecules that influence activity of other cells (ex hormones)

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13
Q

Describe the cell process of movement.

A

Most of the energy produced in cells is for movement.
Cilia, flagella- eggs, sperm
Contraction- muscles
Streaming- movement of cytoplasm

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14
Q

Describe the cell process of response.

A

Caused by an external condition such as light, heat, etc. (Tree roots move toward water, trees grow toward light)

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15
Q

Describe the cell process of reproduction.

A

Cells must divide periodically
Unicellular organism: results in a new complete organism
Multicellular organism: results in growth

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16
Q

What are the three main structures of the animal cell?

A

Nucleus: control center of the cell
Cell membrane: outer boundary of the cell
Cytoplasm: colloidal material between the cell membrane and nucleus

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17
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

Spherical structure located near the center of the cell

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18
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

Eukaryotic cell- has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Prokaryotic cell- no nucleus and no membrane bound organelles

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19
Q

What is the nuclear membrane?

A

Surrounds nucleus, “semi-permeable” membrane

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20
Q

What is nucleoplasm?

A

Colloidal, mostly water, rich in proteins

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21
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

Spherical structure in nucleus
Making of proteins
Synthesis

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22
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Elongated chromosomes

Contains DNA

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23
Q

What are the functions of the nucleus?

A

Plays a role in reproduction

Controls all metabolic activities within the cell

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24
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Colloid

Streaming

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25
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

“Semi-permeable” membrane, evaginations and invaginations give it more surface area
Processes- absorption, egestion, excretion, secretion

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26
Q

What are plastids?

A

Organelles found only in plant cells

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27
Q

What is chloroplast?

A 
Makes carbs 
Process: synthesis 
1. Chlorophyll- green (absorbs light)
2. Carotene- orange 
3. Xanthophyll- yellow
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28
Q

What is chromoplast?

A

Makes carbs
Process: synthesis
Red/Purple

29
Q

What is leukoplast?

A

Stores carbs
Process: secretion
No pigment/white

30
Q

What organelles do animal cells have the plant cells do not?

A

Lysosomes and centrioles

31
Q

What is a vacuole?

A

Large fluid filled cavity

Mostly water and cell sap (various minerals, organic molecules)

32
Q

What is Anthrocyanan?

A

Pigment–> autumn, found in vacuole

33
Q

What is the middle lamella?

A

Where 3 cells meet

34
Q

What is the primary cell wall?

A

Pectin and cellulose

35
Q

What is the secondary cell wall?

A

Cellulose and lignin

36
Q

What is the structure of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

System of tubes
Rough ER: ribosomes on surface
Smooth ER: no ribosomes

37
Q

What is the location of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Throughout the cytoplasm

38
Q

What is the function of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Transportation system for molecules

39
Q

What processes do endoplasmic reticulum carry out?

A

SER: Egestion, excretion, absorption, secretion
RER: Egestion, excretion, absorption, secretion, synthesis

40
Q

What is the nickname of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Highway of the cell

41
Q

What is the structure of ribosomes?

A

Tiny, dense granules

42
Q

What is the location of the ribosomes?

A

Throughout the cytoplasm and on the RER

43
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Make proteins

44
Q

What process is carried out by ribosomes?

A

Synthesis

45
Q

What is the nickname of ribosomes?

A

Protein factories of the cell

46
Q

What is the structure of the mitochondrion?

A

Bean shaped

47
Q

What is the location of the mitochondrion?

A

Throughout the cytoplasm

48
Q

What is the function of the mitochondrion?

A

Breaks down glucose for energy

49
Q

What process is associated with the mitochondrion?

A

Respiration

50
Q

What is the nickname of the mitochondrion?

A

Powerhouse of the cell

51
Q

What is the structure of the lysosomes?

A

Triangular shaped structures

52
Q

What is the location of the lysosomes?

A

Throughout the cytoplasm

53
Q

What is the function of the lysosomes?

A

Release enzymes for digestion

54
Q

What process is associated with lysosomes?

A

Digestion

55
Q

What is the nickname of lysosomes?

A

Suicide sacs

56
Q

What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Stacks of membranes

57
Q

What is the location of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Throughout the cytoplasm

58
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Collect, modify, and distribute molecules to other cells

59
Q

What process is associated with the Golgi apparatus?

A

Secretion

60
Q

What is the nickname of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Warehouse of the cell

61
Q

What is the structure of the centrioles?

A

Cylindrical shaped structures

62
Q

What is the location of the centrioles?

A

In the cytoplasm always near the nucleus

63
Q

What is the function of the centrioles?

A

Reproduction

64
Q

What process is the centrioles associated with?

A

Reproduction

65
Q

What molecules make up the cell membrane?

A

Lipids bilayer, proteins, and carbs

66
Q

Why are cell membranes made up of lipids?

A

They are insoluable in water, cytoplasm has water.
Hydrophilic head-attracts water
Hydrophobic tail-repels water

67
Q

What are the inner folds of the mitochondrion called?

A

Cristae

68
Q

What is the colloidal material between the cristae of the mitochondrion called?

A

Matrix

Physiology (11 decks)

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