The Cell

Question 1

What is cytology?

Answer 1

The study of cells

Question 2

What is the timeline of the cell discovery?

Answer 2

1665- Robert Hooke observed a cell for the first time, wrote “Micrographia” about his findings
1833- Robert Brown observed nucleus
1835- Dujardin observed cell content (cytoplasm)
1838- Mathius Schleiden, botanist, all plants are made of cells
Theodor Schwann, zoologist, all animals are made of cells

Question 3

What is cell theory?

Answer 3

All living things are made of cells

Cells come from pre-existing cells

Question 4

How many cells in an average adult human?

Answer 4

50 trillion cells

Question 5

Describe the cell process of nutrition.

Answer 5

Water and food molecules necessary to support the processes of the cell
Autotroph: organism manufactures its own food (plants)
Heterotroph: organisms get food from environment- heterotrophs are dependent on autotrophs

Question 6

Describe the cell process of digestion.

Answer 6

Enzymes in the cell prepare food for cell use

Question 7

Describe the cell process of absorption.

Answer 7

Water and food molecules transported into the cell from the environment

Question 8

Describe the cell process of synthesis.

Answer 8

Cells organize (make) their own specific proteins-DNA controls protein synthesis (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Question 9

Describe the cell process of respiration.

Answer 9

Energy released by the cell when certain organic molecules, especially glucose, are split (broken down)

Question 10

Describe the cell process of excretion.

Answer 10

Digested waste products eliminated by the cell.

Question 11

Describe the cell process of egestion.

Answer 11

Undigested waste products eliminated by the cell (ex. Throwing up)

Question 12

Describe the cell process of secretion.

Answer 12

Some cells synthesize molecules that influence activity of other cells (ex hormones)

Question 13

Describe the cell process of movement.

Answer 13

Most of the energy produced in cells is for movement.
Cilia, flagella- eggs, sperm
Contraction- muscles
Streaming- movement of cytoplasm

Question 14

Describe the cell process of response.

Answer 14

Caused by an external condition such as light, heat, etc. (Tree roots move toward water, trees grow toward light)

Question 15

Describe the cell process of reproduction.

Answer 15

Cells must divide periodically
Unicellular organism: results in a new complete organism
Multicellular organism: results in growth

Question 16

What are the three main structures of the animal cell?

Answer 16

Nucleus: control center of the cell
Cell membrane: outer boundary of the cell
Cytoplasm: colloidal material between the cell membrane and nucleus

Question 17

What is the nucleus?

Answer 17

Spherical structure located near the center of the cell

Question 18

What are the two types of cells?

Answer 18

Eukaryotic cell- has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Prokaryotic cell- no nucleus and no membrane bound organelles

Question 19

What is the nuclear membrane?

Answer 19

Surrounds nucleus, “semi-permeable” membrane

Question 20

What is nucleoplasm?

Answer 20

Colloidal, mostly water, rich in proteins

Question 21

What is the nucleolus?

Answer 21

Spherical structure in nucleus
Making of proteins
Synthesis

Question 22

What is chromatin?

Answer 22

Elongated chromosomes

Contains DNA

Question 23

What are the functions of the nucleus?

Answer 23

Plays a role in reproduction

Controls all metabolic activities within the cell

Question 24

What is cytoplasm?

Answer 24

Colloid

Streaming

Question 25

What is the cell membrane?

Answer 25

"Semi-permeable" membrane, evaginations and invaginations give it more surface area Processes- absorption, egestion, excretion, secretion

Question 26

What are plastids?

Answer 26

Organelles found only in plant cells

Question 27

What is chloroplast?

Answer 27

``` Makes carbs Process: synthesis 1. Chlorophyll- green (absorbs light) 2. Carotene- orange 3. Xanthophyll- yellow ```

Question 28

What is chromoplast?

Answer 28

Makes carbs Process: synthesis Red/Purple

Question 29

What is leukoplast?

Answer 29

Stores carbs Process: secretion No pigment/white

Question 30

What organelles do animal cells have the plant cells do not?

Answer 30

Lysosomes and centrioles

Question 31

What is a vacuole?

Answer 31

Large fluid filled cavity | Mostly water and cell sap (various minerals, organic molecules)

Question 32

What is Anthrocyanan?

Answer 32

Pigment--> autumn, found in vacuole

Question 33

What is the middle lamella?

Answer 33

Where 3 cells meet

Question 34

What is the primary cell wall?

Answer 34

Pectin and cellulose

Question 35

What is the secondary cell wall?

Answer 35

Cellulose and lignin

Question 36

What is the structure of endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 36

System of tubes Rough ER: ribosomes on surface Smooth ER: no ribosomes

Question 37

What is the location of endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 37

Throughout the cytoplasm

Question 38

What is the function of endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 38

Transportation system for molecules

Question 39

What processes do endoplasmic reticulum carry out?

Answer 39

SER: Egestion, excretion, absorption, secretion RER: Egestion, excretion, absorption, secretion, synthesis

Question 40

What is the nickname of the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 40

Highway of the cell

Question 41

What is the structure of ribosomes?

Answer 41

Tiny, dense granules

Question 42

What is the location of the ribosomes?

Answer 42

Throughout the cytoplasm and on the RER

Question 43

What is the function of ribosomes?

Answer 43

Make proteins

Question 44

What process is carried out by ribosomes?

Answer 44

Synthesis

Question 45

What is the nickname of ribosomes?

Answer 45

Protein factories of the cell

Question 46

What is the structure of the mitochondrion?

Answer 46

Bean shaped

Question 47

What is the location of the mitochondrion?

Answer 47

Throughout the cytoplasm

Question 48

What is the function of the mitochondrion?

Answer 48

Breaks down glucose for energy

Question 49

What process is associated with the mitochondrion?

Answer 49

Respiration

Question 50

What is the nickname of the mitochondrion?

Answer 50

Powerhouse of the cell

Question 51

What is the structure of the lysosomes?

Answer 51

Triangular shaped structures

Question 52

What is the location of the lysosomes?

Answer 52

Throughout the cytoplasm

Question 53

What is the function of the lysosomes?

Answer 53

Release enzymes for digestion

Question 54

What process is associated with lysosomes?

Answer 54

Digestion

Question 55

What is the nickname of lysosomes?

Answer 55

Suicide sacs

Question 56

What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 56

Stacks of membranes

Question 57

What is the location of the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 57

Throughout the cytoplasm

Question 58

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 58

Collect, modify, and distribute molecules to other cells

Question 59

What process is associated with the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 59

Secretion

Question 60

What is the nickname of the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 60

Warehouse of the cell

Question 61

What is the structure of the centrioles?

Answer 61

Cylindrical shaped structures

Question 62

What is the location of the centrioles?

Answer 62

In the cytoplasm always near the nucleus

Question 63

What is the function of the centrioles?

Answer 63

Reproduction

Question 64

What process is the centrioles associated with?

Answer 64

Reproduction

Question 65

What molecules make up the cell membrane?

Answer 65

Lipids bilayer, proteins, and carbs

Question 66

Why are cell membranes made up of lipids?

Answer 66

They are insoluable in water, cytoplasm has water. Hydrophilic head-attracts water Hydrophobic tail-repels water

Question 67

What are the inner folds of the mitochondrion called?

Answer 67

Cristae

Question 68

What is the colloidal material between the cristae of the mitochondrion called?

Answer 68

Matrix