Protein Synthesis Flashcards
What are the three differences between photosynthesis and protein synthesis?
- Photosynthesis takes place only in plants.
Protein synthesis takes place in all living things. - Photosynthesis makes glucose.
Protein synthesis makes proteins. - Photosynthesis glucose is glucose.
Protein synthesis proteins vary.
What controls protein synthesis?
DNA- Deoxyribonucleic Acid
In what year was DNA discovered?
1953
Who discovered DNA and won a Nobel prize?
James Watson and Francis Crick
Who proved DNA was helical?
Rosalind Franklin
Describe the structure of DNA.
Double helix or twisted ladder
What are the 4 Nitrogen bases?
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
What are Purines?
Adenine and Guanine
2 rings
What are pyrimidines?
Thymine and Cytosine
1 ring
What kind of bonds hold bases together and how many are between each base?
Hydrogen bonds
A and T-2
G and C-3
What is a nucleotide?
1 phosphate, 1 sugar, and 1 base
What is replication?
DNA making copies of itself for reproduction
Describe the process of replication.
- ) Enzyme DNA Helicase breaks Hydrogen bonds between bases.
- ) In nucleus, there are free-floating nucleotides from food that will bond with their complimentary bases on DNA strands.
- ) Enzyme DNA Polymerase bonds sugars to phosphates.
What does RNA do?
Takes info from DNA to ribosome
What are the three differences between DNA and RNA?
1.) DNA is Deoxyribose (Less oxygen) RNA is ribose (More oxygen) 2.) DNA is two strands. RNA is one strand. 3.) DNA bases are A, T, G, and C. RNA bases are A, U, G, and C.
What do 3 bases on a strand of DNA make up?
A codon or triplet
What is a gene?
An active triplet on DNA that produces a trait
What are the 3 types of RNA?
1.) mRNA (messenger) Single, uncoiled strand Takes "code" from DNA to ribosome 2.) tRNA (transport/transfer) Single, coiled strand Picks up and delivers Amino Acids to ribosome Jack-shaped: bonds between complimentary bases across from each other hold in shape 3.) rRNA (ribosomal) Actually makes up ribosomes
Describe the process of transcription.
DNA passing a “code” to RNA
- ) Enzyme RNA Polymerase breaks Hydrogen bonds between bases.
- ) RNA nucleotides from food bond with their complimentary bases on DNA strand.
- ) RNA polymerase bonds sugars to phosphates and rebreaks Hydrogen bonds.
* DNA strands go back together.
How many triplet combinations can you make from A, U, G, and C?
64
What are non-sense codons?
Codons not associated with an amino acid (3)
Describe the process of translation.
Assembling of amino acids to make a protein.
1.) mRNA (template) is made through transcription. (1st codon always AUG-universal start/initiator codon)
2.) mRNA leaves nucleus and attaches to ribosome.
3.) tRNA made through transcription.
tRNA leaves nucleus and its free codon bonds to its complimentary codon on a particular amino acid.
4.) The anti-codon on tRNA will bond to its complimentary codon on mRNA on ribosome.
5.) tRNA drops off amino acid and either picks up and delivers another amino acid or dissolves.
6.) Either mRNA moves along the ribosome or vice versa.
7.) Enzyme bonds amino acids to make a protein.
8.) mRNA either dissolves or makes another protein.
What is the universal star triplet on all proteins?
AUG
How is transcription different than replication?
Transcription is DNA making RNA, the enzymes are different, and the nucleotides are A, U, G, and C.
Replication is DNA making DNA, the enzymes are different, and the nucleotides are A, T, G, and C.
