Protein Synthesis

Question 1

What are the three differences between photosynthesis and protein synthesis?

Answer 1

1. Photosynthesis takes place only in plants.
   Protein synthesis takes place in all living things.
2. Photosynthesis makes glucose.
   Protein synthesis makes proteins.
3. Photosynthesis glucose is glucose.
   Protein synthesis proteins vary.

Question 2

What controls protein synthesis?

Answer 2

DNA- Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Question 3

In what year was DNA discovered?

Answer 3

1953

Question 4

Who discovered DNA and won a Nobel prize?

Answer 4

James Watson and Francis Crick

Question 5

Who proved DNA was helical?

Answer 5

Rosalind Franklin

Question 6

Describe the structure of DNA.

Answer 6

Double helix or twisted ladder

Question 7

What are the 4 Nitrogen bases?

Answer 7

Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine

Question 8

What are Purines?

Answer 8

Adenine and Guanine

2 rings

Question 9

What are pyrimidines?

Answer 9

Thymine and Cytosine

1 ring

Question 10

What kind of bonds hold bases together and how many are between each base?

Answer 10

Hydrogen bonds
A and T-2
G and C-3

Question 11

What is a nucleotide?

Answer 11

1 phosphate, 1 sugar, and 1 base

Question 12

What is replication?

Answer 12

DNA making copies of itself for reproduction

Question 13

Describe the process of replication.

Answer 13

1. ) Enzyme DNA Helicase breaks Hydrogen bonds between bases.
2. ) In nucleus, there are free-floating nucleotides from food that will bond with their complimentary bases on DNA strands.
3. ) Enzyme DNA Polymerase bonds sugars to phosphates.

Question 14

What does RNA do?

Answer 14

Takes info from DNA to ribosome

Question 15

What are the three differences between DNA and RNA?

Answer 15

1.) DNA is Deoxyribose (Less oxygen)
RNA is ribose (More oxygen)
2.) DNA is two strands.
RNA is one strand.
3.) DNA bases are A, T, G, and C.
RNA bases are A, U, G, and C.

Question 16

What do 3 bases on a strand of DNA make up?

Answer 16

A codon or triplet

Question 17

What is a gene?

Answer 17

An active triplet on DNA that produces a trait

Question 18

What are the 3 types of RNA?

Answer 18

1.) mRNA (messenger)
Single, uncoiled strand 
Takes "code" from DNA to ribosome 
2.) tRNA (transport/transfer)
Single, coiled strand 
Picks up and delivers Amino Acids to ribosome 
Jack-shaped: bonds between complimentary bases across from each other hold in shape 
3.) rRNA (ribosomal) 
Actually makes up ribosomes

Question 19

Describe the process of transcription.

Answer 19

DNA passing a “code” to RNA

1. ) Enzyme RNA Polymerase breaks Hydrogen bonds between bases.
2. ) RNA nucleotides from food bond with their complimentary bases on DNA strand.
3. ) RNA polymerase bonds sugars to phosphates and rebreaks Hydrogen bonds.
   * DNA strands go back together.

Question 20

How many triplet combinations can you make from A, U, G, and C?

Answer 20

64

Question 21

What are non-sense codons?

Answer 21

Codons not associated with an amino acid (3)

Question 22

Describe the process of translation.

Answer 22

Assembling of amino acids to make a protein.
1.) mRNA (template) is made through transcription. (1st codon always AUG-universal start/initiator codon)
2.) mRNA leaves nucleus and attaches to ribosome.
3.) tRNA made through transcription.
tRNA leaves nucleus and its free codon bonds to its complimentary codon on a particular amino acid.
4.) The anti-codon on tRNA will bond to its complimentary codon on mRNA on ribosome.
5.) tRNA drops off amino acid and either picks up and delivers another amino acid or dissolves.
6.) Either mRNA moves along the ribosome or vice versa.
7.) Enzyme bonds amino acids to make a protein.
8.) mRNA either dissolves or makes another protein.

Question 23

What is the universal star triplet on all proteins?

Answer 23

AUG

Question 24

How is transcription different than replication?

Answer 24

Transcription is DNA making RNA, the enzymes are different, and the nucleotides are A, U, G, and C.
Replication is DNA making DNA, the enzymes are different, and the nucleotides are A, T, G, and C.