Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Nervous System II > Flashcards

Nervous System II Flashcards

1
Q

Describe embryology of the nervous system.

A

Ectodermal cells come together and form a flat group of cells called the neural plate.
Edges of the plate begin to elevate forming the neural folds.
Edges of the neural folds fuse together forming the neural tube.
Neural tube eventually becomes spinal cord and brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How long is the average adult human spinal cord?

A

16-18”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How much of the vertebral column does the spinal cord occupy?

A

2/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why is the spinal cord shorter than the vertebral column?

A

Spinal cord grows very little after birth

Vertebral column continues to grow after birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the lower third of the vertebral column filled with and what is it called?

A

Spinal nerves

“Cauda equina” horses tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the cervical enlargement do?

A

Supplies nerves to the upper extremities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the lumbar enlargement do?

A

Supplies nerves to the lower extremities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are meninges?

A

Membranes that surround the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the dura mater?

A

Outer membrane
“Tough mother”
Tough, leathery membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the arachnoid layer.

A

Middle layer
“Spider layer”
Highly vascularized, many blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the sub-arachnoid space contain?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid
Protection
Nutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the pia mater.

A

Innermost membrane
“Delicate mother”
Thin membrane that adheres directly to the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a spinal tap?

A

Between 3-4 or 4-5 lumbar vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What two structures divide the spinal cord into two halves?

A

Posterior median septum

Anterior median fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the gray matter.

A

Integration center for incoming sensory and outgoing motor impulses.
No neurolemma
No myelin sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the central canal.

A

Tube the runs the entire length of the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the ventral roots.

A

Carry efferent (away) motor impulses away from spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the dorsal roots.

A

Carry afferent (toward) sensory impulses to spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do roots form when they fuse together?

A

Spinal nerves (31 pair)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does white matter do?

A

Carry impulses to and from brain
Has neurolemma
Has myelin sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the ventral columns of white matter.

A

Front, pressure
Ventral Corticospinal Tract: carries descending motor impulses down from the brain
Ventral Spinothalamic Tract: carries ascending sensory impulses to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the lateral columns of white matter.

A

Side
Lateral Corticospinal Tract: main descending motor tract from brain
Lateral Spinothalamic Tract: carries ascending sensory impulses of heat, cold, and pain to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the dorsal columns of white matter.

A

Back

Fasciculus Gracilus and Fasciculus Cuneatus: carry ascending sensory impulses of touch and muscle and joint pain

24
Q

What is the intervertebral foreman?

A

Area where spinal nerve just splits

25
Q

What do spinal nerves branch into?

A

Primary Ramus

26
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

A pathway that sensory and motor impulses travel

27
Q

How much does the average adult human brain weigh?

A

About 3 pounds

28
Q

Describe the brain stem.

A

Consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and mid-brain

29
Q

Describe the medulla.

A

Lowest part of brain stem
Continuation of spinal cord
Gray on inside and white on outside

30
Q

What are the functions of the medulla?

A

Gray matter-integration center for incoming sensory and outgoing motor impulses
White matter-carries impulses to and from the brain
Controls sneezing, coughing, burping, swallowing, breathing, heart rate, vomiting, hiccuping
Impulses from cerebrum cross over at medulla

31
Q

Describe the pons.

A

Superior to medulla
Ventral to cerebellum
White on the outside and gray on the inside

32
Q

What are the functions of the pons?

A

Breathing, many cranial nerves originate here

Serves as a bridge between the 2 hemispheres of cerebellum

33
Q

Describe the mid-brain.

A

Most superior part of brain stem

34
Q

What are the two parts of the mid-brain?

A

Ventral- Cerebral Peduncle: carries descending motor impulses down from cerebrum
Dorsal-Corpora Quadrigemina: regulates head and eye movements, respond to light and sound

35
Q

What is between the ventral and dorsal parts of the mid-brain?

A

Cerebral aqueduct-move eyes and eyelids

36
Q

Describe the cerebellum.

A

Second largest part of brain
Dorsad to medulla and pons
Gray on the outside and white on the inside
Numerous furrows (more surface area)

37
Q

What is the vermis?

A

Deep groove that divides cerebellum into two hemispheres

38
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A

Controls balance, coordination, and muscle tone

39
Q

What is ataxia?

A

Poor balance, poor coordination, and poor muscle tone (genetic, temporary cause-alcohol)

40
Q

Describe the interbrain or diencephalon.

A

2 masses of gray matter between mid-brain and cerebrum

Thalamus and hypothalamus

41
Q

What are the functions of the thalamus?

A

Pain center of brain
Relay station for sensory impulses on their way to cerebrum
Reticular system: sleep center of brain

42
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A 
Associated with pituitary gland 
Regulate sleep
Controls metabolism
Controls water balance
Controls body temperature 
Controls digestive organs 
Controls heart rate
Hunger and thirst
Negative emotions 
Regulates blood vessels
43
Q

Describe the cerebrum.

A

Highest part of the brain
Largest part of the brain
Occupies 2/3 of cranial vault

44
Q

What is the longitudinal fissure?

A

Deep groove that divides cerebrum into 2 hemispheres

45
Q

What is a sulcus?

A

Dip or valley in cerebrum

46
Q

What is a gyrus?

A

Peak or ridge in cerebrum

47
Q

What are the two parts of the cerebrum?

A

Inner (white)- Corpus Callosum: controls emotions
Outer (gray)- Cerebral Cortex:
Motor- controls all voluntary muscles (skeletal)
Sensory- sight, hearing, smell, touch, taste
Associative- think, reason, memory, will power, judgement

48
Q

What is an EEG?

A

Electroencephalogram

Measures brain waves

49
Q

Describe the difference between an unconditioned and conditioned response.

A

Unconditioned-innate, born with

Conditioned-learned over time

50
Q

How many pairs of each nerve?

A 
Cervical-8
Thoracic-12
Lumbar-5
Sacral-5
Coccygeal-1
51
Q

What is the ligamentun denticulatum?

A

Extremity stemming from white matter that provides stability

52
Q

What is the sub-arachnoid septum?

A

Membrane that connects the arachnoid and pia mater, provides stability

53
Q

What structures protect the brain?

A 
Scalp
Muscle
Skull
Dura Mater
Arachnoid 
Sub-arachnoid space 
Pia Mater
54
Q

What is the Fissure of Rolando?

A

Deep groove that divides the frontal and parietal lobes

55
Q

What is the Fissure of Sylvius?

A

Deep groove that divides the Frontal and Temporal lobes

Physiology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions