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physiology > The Muscular System > Flashcards

The Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is myology?

A

The study of muscles

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2
Q

How many muscles are in the human body?

A

Over 600

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3
Q

How much of the total body weight is muscle tissue?

A

40-50%

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4
Q

What is skeletal muscle?

A

Attach to bones of skeleton
Striated: striped, alternating light and dark bands
Voluntary

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5
Q

What is smooth muscle?

A

Lining of some hollow organs
Stomach, lungs, large and small intestine, bladder, arteries, blood vessels
Non-striated (smooth looking)
Involuntary

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6
Q

What is cardiac muscle?

A

Found in walls of heart
Striated
Involuntary

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7
Q

What are the functions of muscle?

A
  1. ) Movement-integration of bones, muscles, tendons, joints, and ligaments which allows movement
  2. ) Movement of Muscles through Body-blood through circulatory system, oxygen through respiratory system, food through digestive system, urine through urinary system, and sex cells through reproductive system
  3. ) Regulate Organ Volume-contraction of muscle can prevent outflow of contents, urine by bladder and feces by anal sphincter
  4. ) Stabilize Body Positions-skeletal muscle can maintain body positions
  5. ) Heat Production- by product of muscle contraction is heat
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8
Q

Of all the energy it takes to move a muscle, how much is heat and how much is actually used to move the muscle?

A

60%–>heat

40%–>muscle

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9
Q

What is a myofiber?

A

Muscle cell-makes up muscles
Cylindrical in shape
Many nuclei
Contains sarcoplasm (cytoplasm of a muscle)

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10
Q

What is a myofibril?

A

Smaller cylindrical structure that makes up a myofiber

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11
Q

For a muscle to move, what must it be stimulated by?

A

A nerve

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12
Q

What proteins make up a myofibril?

A

Actin and myosin

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13
Q

What is the area where the muscle and nerve meet?

A

Myoneural Junction

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14
Q

What two neurotransmitters are released at the myoneural junction?

A

Acetylcholine (a-ch): chemical released at MJ that causes a muscle to contract
Cholinesterase: chemical released at MJ that causes a muscle to relax

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15
Q

What is myasthenia gravis?

A

Disease of muscular weakness

Too little A-ch or too much cholinesterase

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16
Q

Who cured myasthenia gravis and how?

A

Mary B. Walker while studying natives who used a poison, curare, to relax muscles and Neostigmine, drug that cured my. Gravis, to reverse it by increasing production of A-ch or suppressing amount of cholinesterase.

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17
Q

Who discovered the physiology of a muscle contraction and in what year?

A

2 men named Huxley (Germany) in 1957

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18
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

Set pattern of striations in a muscle

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19
Q

What proteins are in the A-band?

A

Both actin and myosin

20
Q

What proteins are in the H-band?

A

Only myosin

21
Q

What proteins are in the I-band?

A

Only actin

22
Q

What proteins are in the Z-band?

A

None

23
Q

Describe the sliding filament mechanism of a muscle contraction.

A

A-ch released at M.J.–>actin and myosin filaments to slide over one another–>sarcomere to contract–>myofibril to contract–>muscle to contract

24
Q

What does skeletal muscle consist of?

A

75% water
20% proteins
5% various minerals (Ca, Mg, and P) and organic molecules (glucose, ATP’s, creatine, creatine phosphate)

25
Q

What is a muscle twitch?

A

Brief contraction of a muscle in response to a stimuli

26
Q

In the lab “Muscle/Nerve Preparation”, what muscle is used?

A

Calf muscle of a frog, gastrocnemius muscle

27
Q

What is pithing?

A

Puncturing between the eyes and hitting the brain to kill a frog

28
Q

What is an all or none response?

A

When a stimulus is applied, a muscle cell contracts to its fullest extent or not at all

29
Q

What is tetanus?

A

A prolonged muscle twitch that results in work

30
Q

What is fatigue?

A

Results when a muscle is stimulated repeatedly without time to relax or recover

31
Q

What is muscle tone?

A

When a muscle is in a state of constant partial contraction
Ex. Neck, back
Except when sleeping or dead

32
Q

What are the effects of muscular exercise on the muscular system?

A

Number of muscle cells in an infant is about the same as in an adult
Growth hormone-adds cytoplasm
Atrophy-decrease in muscle mass (paralysis, broken bones)
Hypertrophy- increase in muscle mass

33
Q

What are the effects of muscular exercise on the respiratory system?

A

With increased exercise, respiratory rate increases
Need oxygen to break down glucose to make ATP’s
Oxygen debt: replacing of used oxygen

34
Q

What are the effects of muscular exercise on the circulatory system?

A

Pulse rate increases (rest: 60-80, exercise: increases 40 b/m)
Number of red blood cells increases
Diameter of capillaries increases
Blood pressure increases
Ph of blood decreases (rest-7.35, exercise 6.95) because of lactic acid

35
Q

What are the effects of muscular exercise on the urinary system?

A

Ph of urine decreases due to lactic acid

Urine output decreases

36
Q

What are the effects of muscular exercise on the body temperature?

A

Rest: 37.5°C
Exercise: 39.0°C

37
Q

What is the connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle?

A

Deep fascia

38
Q

What membranes surround each individual muscle cell?

A

Endomysium and sarcolemma

39
Q

What membrane surrounds the entire muscle?

A

Epimysium

40
Q

What membrane surrounds bundles of muscle cells?

A

Perimysium

41
Q

What is a graph of a muscle twitch?

A

Myogram

42
Q

What is the systolic number?

A

Upper number

43
Q

What is the diastolic number?

A

Bottom number

44
Q

What is the average male blood pressure?

A

120/80

45
Q

What is the average female blood pressure?

A

110/70

physiology (11 decks)

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