The Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton?

A

-Provides support, attachment points, protection, assistance in movement, mineral storage and release, blood cell protection

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2
Q

What is the skeletal system made up of?

A

-Bones, associated connective tissues, cartilage, tendons, ligaments

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3
Q

What can the types of bone be divided into?

A

-Axial and appendicular

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4
Q

What do axial bones do?

A

-Protect vital parts of the body eg. Brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

What do appendicular bones do?

A

-Allow movement

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6
Q

What are the types of bones?

A

-sesamoid, short bones, flat bones, long bones, irregular bones

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7
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A

-Bones that develop from tendons

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8
Q

What are short bones?

A

-Bones that are wider than they are long. In the hand for example allowing movement of wrist

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9
Q

What are flat bones?

A

-thin and flat bones that will mostly protect. Skull and ribs

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10
Q

What are long bones?

A

Bones that are longer than they are wide. Hard and dense such as thigh bone

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11
Q

What are irregular bones?

A

Complex shape which help protect internal organs for example the vertebrae

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12
Q

What are the types of microstructure of the bone?

A

-Compact bone and cancellous bone

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13
Q

What is a compact bone?

A

-Dense and solid in appearance, protective and strong, repeating circular units

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14
Q

What is a cancellous bone?

A

-Spongy bone that has open space partially filled with needle-like structures called trabecular-more light-weight

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15
Q

What is the structure of short, flat and irregular bones?

A

-Inner portion is cancellous, outer portion is compact bone

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16
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

-The shaft of a long bone that is hollow with compact bone on outside and spongy on inside

17
Q

What are the epiphyses?

A

-Ends of long bones, are cancellous

18
Q

What is the articular cartilage?

A

-Covered external surface of epiphyses to protect

19
Q

What is the epiphyseal line?

A

-Growth plate that becomes mineralised once growth is complete

20
Q

What is in the composition of the bone matrix?

A

-Inorganic salts and organic matrix

21
Q

What are the features of inorganic salts?

A

-contain hydroxyapatite which are crystals of calcium and phosphate

22
Q

What are features of organic matrix?

A

-Made up of collagen fibres and proteoglycans for flexible strength

23
Q

What are the features of the bone marrow ?

A

-Specialised type of connective tissue, site of haemotopoesis, found in cavities of long bones and spaces within spongy bone, contain red and yellow marrow

24
Q

What are the features of red marrow?

A

-mainly found in children, in virtually all bones in children and is where red blood cell production occurs

25
Q

What are the features of yellow marrow?

A

-Has become saturated with fat and are no longer active in blood cell production-found more in adults

26
Q

What are the major cells in bone?

A

-Progenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

27
Q

What do progenitor cells do?

A

-Make osteoblasts

28
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

-Form bone, osteogenesis, secretes collagen, produce vesicles that release Ca2+ and phosphate ions to contribute to hydroxyapatite formation

29
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

-Differentiated mature cells from non-dividing osteoblasts, surrounded by calcified matrix

30
Q

What are osteoclasts ?

A

-Giant cells that reabsorb bone through dissolving the minerals and breaking down the collagen, derived from monocytes and macrophages

31
Q

What is bone remodelling?

A

-Ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue by osteoblasts

32
Q

What happens in the raging Skelton?

A

-Decreased collagen so more brittle, cancerous bone lost first, incomplete remodelling

33
Q

What is osteoporosis ?

A

-Bone resorption exceeds bone deposition
-health condition that weakens bones making them fragile

34
Q

What regulates blood calcium levels?

A

-Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
-Vitamin D
-Calcitonin

35
Q

How does parathyroid hormone regulate calcium levels?

A

-Stimulates osteoclasts to breakdown bone matrix, increase kidney absorption of calcium from urine-increase calcium levels

36
Q

How does vitamin D regulate calcium levels?

A

-Increases calcium absorption from the small intestine-increases calcium levels