Human Body Systems Flashcards
What are the levels of organisation and the related fields of study? diagram
What does the Circulatory/Cardiovascular system include?
Heart, blood vessels, blood
What does the digestive system include?
Stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas
What does the Endocrine system include?
Thyroid glad, adrenal gland
What does the immune system include?
Thymus, spleen, lymph nodes
What does the integumentary system include ?
Skin
What does the musculoskeletal system include?
Skeletal muscles, bones
What does the nervous system include?
Brain, Spinal cord
What does the Reproductive System include?
Ovaries, Uterus, Testes
Integration between Body Systems ? diagram
What are tissues?
What are the main types of tissues?
- Connective Tissue
-Epithelial Tissue
-Muscle Tissue
-Neural Tissue
What is Connective Tissue ?
-Binds cell and organs
-Protects support and integration
What is Epithelial Tissue?
-It covers the exterior, lines internal cavities and some glands
What is Muscle Tissue?
-Excitable, contracts
-Skeletal (voluntary),smooth, cardiac
What is Neural Tissue?
-Excitable
-Allows propagation of nerve impulses that communicate between different parts of the body
What is the Extarcellular Matrix (Matrix) ?
-Material synthesised and secreted by the cells of a tissue
-Proteogylcans (glycoproteins) and insoluble protein fibre (collagen, fibronectin, laminin)
-Very abundant in connective tissue
-Also other functions
What are Cell Junctions? Diagram
-They hold cells together
-Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) membrane-spanning proteins.
-Cell junctions/transient cell adhesions
-CAMs eg connexin, claudin, occluding, cadherin
What are gap junctions ?
-These are communicating junctions
What are tight junctions?
-These are occluding junctions
What is a desmosome ?
-A cell-to-cell anchoring junction
What is the function of Epithelia on tissue?
-To protect and regulate exchange
- Base : thin layer of matrix ( basal lamina/membrane)
- Exchange
-simple, thin, flattened cells, gaps/pores
-eg rapid gas exchange
-Blood vessels (also called endothelium)/ lung
- Transporting
-actively regulate aqueous molecules
- Ciliated
- Protective
- Secretory
What are the types of Epithelia ?
Simple, Cuboidal, Squamous and Columnar
What is a simple epithelium?
What is a stratified epithelium ?
What is a cuboidal epithelium ?
What is a Columnar Epithelium ?
What is a squamous epithelium?
Why are there tight junctions in a transporting epithelium cell? diagram ?
-Tight junctions in a transporting epithelium prevent movement between adjacent cells. Substances must instead pass through the epithelial cell, crossing two phospholipid cell membranes as they do so
What is a Ciliated Epithelia ? diagram
- Non-transporting
- sweep fluids across the surface
- line respiratory trace/female production
What is a protective epithelia ?
- prevent exchange
- stratified/stacked layers of cells
- eg epidermis
What is a secretory epithelia ?
- Glands
- varied types epithelia
- exocrine/ endocrine
What is Connective Tissue?
-Supports/protects/connects
-Cells dispersed in matrix (ground substance, watery or mineralised)
What is Homeostasis? diagram
-Physiologically, keeping the bodys’ environment in a state of equilibrium within ‘normal limits’
Control of homeostasis ?
What is the Negative feedback loop? diagram
‘Negative feedback brings a system back to its level of normal functioning’
How does the negative feedback loop work?
- Human body monitors key functions
- Glucose regulation
- Short term control of blood pressure
- Regulation of ventilation
- Regulated variables maintained within their acceptable (normal) range by physiological control mechanisms kick in if the variable moves too far from its set point or optimal value
What is the Regulation in the negative feedback loop?
- Oscillations around a set point
- Detectors have a threshold
- minimal stimulus to set response in motion
- Control: short distance or Long distance pathway
What is support system integration ? diagram
- Homeostatic control usually involves part of the endocrine system and part of the nervous system
- This may be a signal from one or the other, an output from one or the other, or a mix of both to one another or to each other
What are Control Systems?
- Local: Autocrine/paracrine
- Long distance: reflex control
input signal → integrating system → output signal → Response
-The complexity of the control depends on the level of integration
What is the Integration Centre ? diagram
- This is where the greatest control comes in-your brain
- if the response reduces the intensity of the stimulus the system is operating negative feedback
- if the response enhances or intensifies the stimulus, a system is operating by positive feedback
- The hypothalamus and the pituitary are fantastic examples of integrators.
With control comes balance - What is Afferent?
Afferent = towards a centre
-think ‘affects the system’
With control comes balance - What is Efferent? diagram
-Efferent = away from a centre
-think ‘effects something in response’
What is a set point? and how can they change?
- Circadian Rhythms
- Fever:
-Elevation of core body temperature above a ‘set point’
-normally regulated by the body’s thermoregulatory centre in the hypothalamus
-secondary to a pathological process, the release of immunological mediators that trigger the hypothalamus to elevate the body’s core temperature.
-an increase in the ‘set point’ temperature, enables the body to maintain a controlled ‘increase’ of the core temperature and functionality of all organ systems.
What are acclimatisations?
- Transient physiological modifications
- Changes last only as long as exposure
- Not genetically transmissible
What is a positive feedback loop? Not Homeostasis diagram and example
-Not homeostasis
-Positive feedback enhances or accelerates output created by an activated stimulus’
- Strengthens or reinforces a change in a controlled condition
- Physiological response of effector reinforces the initial change
- Continues until interrupted by a mechanism external to the loop
What are the 4 main types of tissue?
-Neural
-Muscular
-Connective
-Epithelial
What is the extracellular matrix ?
-it is abundant in connective tissue
What are cell junctions?
- hold cells together
What is Epithelia ?
-Regulate and protect
What are the 3 key types of connective tissues?
-True
-Supportive
-Fluid
What is Homeostasis ?
keeps body within normal limits
What does Negative feedback do?
maintains variation around a set point
What is reflex control?
-consists of a stimulus, an integrating centre and a response
What is the Integrating centre?
brain
