Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PMP101 > Cardiovascular System- ALL NOTES > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System- ALL NOTES Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 phases of the Cardiac Cycle (Haemodynamic)?

A

1) Ventricular filling

2) Ventricular systole

3) Early diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does Haemodynamic mean?

A

-This is the Cardiac Cycle, how the blood flows through the body of which takes place through 3 phases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does Systole mean?

A

-Heart Contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does Diastole mean?

A

-Heart Relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Diagram of the heart?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Valves graph diagram?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What phase of Cardiac cycle is the sound S1 (LUBb)?

A

-Isvolumetric contraction, caused by the closure of AV vavles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What phase of Cardiac cycle is the sound S2 (DUBb)?

A

-Isvolumetric relaxation, cause by the closure of SL vavles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What phase of Cardiac cycle is the sound S3?

A

-Early ventricular filling, caused by tensing of the chordae tendinease and the atrioventricular ring.

  • Adults: Ventricular systolic failure, normal in children
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What phase of Cardiac cycle is the sound S4?

A

-Atrial contraction, caused by vibration of the ventricular wall, stiff ventricle, hypertrophy or ischemic ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Electrical system within the heart, what is it?

A

–Right artrium, there is a SA node, which involuntary stimulates heartbeat. It is a muscle which contracts and generates electrical signals and sends a pulse throughout the body

  • AV node of the left side of the heart
  • These signals inter nodal tracts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Electrical system within the heart, what is it?

A

–Right artrium, there is a SA node, which involuntary stimulates heartbeat. It is a muscle which contracts and generates electrical signals and sends a pulse throughout the body

  • AV node of the left side of the heart
  • These signals inter nodal tracts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Heart Electrical flow diagram?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the Bundle Of His?

A

-It is an elongated segment connecting the AV node and the left and right bundle branches of the septal crest.

-It carries electrical impulses through the centre of the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens if the Bundle Of His fibres are blocked?

A

-You will have problems with your heartbeat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the purkinje fibres?

A

-Fibres of which carry the electrical impulse to the ventricles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the atrioventricular node?

A

-The atrioventricular node sends an electrical signal to the bundle of his. The electrical signal moves to the purkinje fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 4 key properties of the Cardiac Muscle?

A

-Auto-rhythically
-Excitability
-Conductivity
-Contractility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does heart Auto-rhythically mean?

A

-Ability to initiate heartbeat, consistent and continuous at regular pace without any external stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the heart Excitability mean?

A
  • Ability to respond to stimuli of adequate strength and duration (threshold or more)
  • Ability to generate and process action potential
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does heart Conductivity mean?

A

-Ability to conduct and transmit impulse through the cardiac tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does heart Contractility mean?

A

-Ability to contract in response to stimulation (mechanical)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the Excitation- Contraction Coupling in Contractile Myocytes steps?

A

1) AP from adjacent cell excites myocytes and trigger membrane depolarisation in T-tubules

2) Calcium enter the cells via voltage gated channel opens and calcium enters the cells

3) Calcium binds to Ryanodine receptor (RYR) and induce Calcium release from SR

4) Calcium binds to troponin and triggers acting-myosin complex and contraction

5) Calcium unbind from troponin and pumped back into SR

6) Calcium unbinding cause relaxation and excess Ca2+ exchanged with Na+

7) Na+ gradient is maintained by sodium-potassium-ATPase pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Excitation- Contraction Coupling in Contractile Myocytes steps diagram?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the sinus rhythm of the heart?

A

-This is the wave of depolarisation that begins in the SA node and spreads over the heart (it proceeds contraction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What can we use an ECG for?

A

-To see the sinus rhythm of the heart, where the ECG shows the depolarisation and depolarisation of the atria and ventricles as it shows up as 3 distance waves on the ECG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the ECG alphabet order?

A

P,Q,R,S,T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the Isoelectric signal line on an ECG?

A

-This is the flat line of the graph, the x-axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the order of reading a ECG?

A

-Cardiac cycle starts with arium contraction, when atria systole takes place you can see the deflation in the chart (This is at point P, a slight wave/peak)

  • Delay happens when waiting for ventricle to be filled before it can generate the next contraction (this will be shown as a straight line)
  • When the ventricle contracts QRS (This will be a large wave where R is the top of the wave/ peak)
  • T is ventricular relaxation and when there is a depolarisation happening
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How long does a cardiac cycle take? how many beats per minute in a normal individual?

A

-Around 0.8 seconds

-Therefore, beats per minute 0.8 x 60 = 75bmp, in a normal individual 70-100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does a Sinus Bradycardia mean?

A

-is when the heartbeat is less than 70bmp; if it is prolonged = abnormal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does a -Sinus Tachycardia mean?

A

-is when the heartbeat is over 100bpm; if it is prolonged= abnormal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Why is the R wave bigger than the others?

A

-This is because the walls of the ventricles are very thick due to the amount of work they have to do, and consequently, more voltage is required. The ventricles are larger than the atria, requiring a stronger electrical stimulation to depolarise them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Is there a U wave in an ECG?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

When would a sinus bradycardia occur?

A

-Seen in athletes and occur during sleep

-No treatment is usually required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

When would sinus tachycardia occur?

A

-normally in exercise

-Hypovolemia/ underlying health issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is sinus Arrythmia?

A

-Regularly irregular sinus rhythm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What can cause sinus arrhythmia ?

A

-Heart block/ disease
-Respiratory disease?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How can you detect sinus arrhythmia ?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Cardiac cells have what to ensure electrical flow of the heart?

A

-Cardiac cells have specialised cells regulating the electrical flow of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the 2 most common heart sounds ?

A

-LUB
-DUB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the roles of blood?

A

-Transportation, protection and regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What does blood transport?

A

-O2, CO2, nutrients, electrolytes, metabolic waste, hormones and cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How does the blood protect?

A

-Platelets to prevent blood loss and antibodies and WBC to aid immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

How does the blood help regulation?

A

-First response to adapt to change in conditions eg body temp and pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What colour is high oxygen blood and where is it found?

A

-Scarlet red, found in artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What colour is lower oxygen blood and where is it found?

A

-Dark red, found in vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What percentage of the blood is made up of plasma?

A

-55%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What percentage of blood is made up of solids?

A

44%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What percentage of blood is made up of Buffy coat?

A

1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is carried in the plasma?

A

-Plama proteins (albumin, globulin) nutrients, gases, electrolytes, metabolic wastes make up 10% dissolved in 90% water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is the word used for blood production?

A

-Haematopoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are haemocytoblasts?

A

-Committed cells that will become blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

How di blood cells travel from the red bone marrow into circulation?

A

-Through blood sinusoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is leucopoiesis ?

A

-Formation of white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is erthropoeisis?

A

-Production of red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is thrombopoiesis?

A

-Production of platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What are the two types of leucocytes?

A

-Granulocytes and granulocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What are the types of granulocytes?

A

-Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is a neutrophil?

A

-A type of granulocyte that is large, common and has 3-4 lobes that contain hydrochloric acid to fight bacterial infections

60
Q

What are eosinophils ?

A

-A type of granulocyte that has 2 lobes connected by a thick strand of chromatin that fights parasitic infection

61
Q

What are basophils?

A

-Large granules with a horse shaped nucleus of 2 lobes joined together that contain histamine which migrate into the infected tissue and act as mast cells to encourage inflammation

62
Q

What is the collectiv ename for granulocytes?

A

-Polymorphonuclear cells

63
Q

What are the types of agranulocytes?

A

-monocytes, thrombocytes and lymphocytes

64
Q

What are monocytes?

A

-An agranulocyte that is formed of a large horseshoe lobed nucleus that migrate into tissue and protect and prevent bacteria infections

65
Q

What are thrombocytes ?

A

-Platelets or fragments that contain no nucleus so cannot reproduce but contain lots of mitochondria to give a lifespan of 7-10 days to help with blood clotting and receptors for coagulation

66
Q

What are the two subcategories of lymphocytes?

A

-Big and small

67
Q

What are the two types of small lymphocytes?

A

-B plasma cells and T cells

68
Q

What are the types of T cells?

A

-T-helped
-T-suppressor
-T-cytotoxic

69
Q

What does a T-helper cell do?

A

-It releases cytokines and stimulates B-cell maturation

70
Q

What does T-suppressor cell do?

A

-Regulates immune response through a negative feedback system

71
Q

What does a T cytotoxic cell do?

A

-Removes malignant cells

72
Q

What do B cells do?

A

-Produce anti-bodies after receiving signal from T cells

73
Q

What are big lymphocytes?

A

-Natural killer cells that recognise a virus in infected cells and acts like a bomb to kill them

74
Q

What is a Philia ?

A

-Surplus or excess

75
Q

What is penia?

A

-Deficiency

76
Q

What are the risks of leucopenia?

A

-Low WBC-risk of infection

77
Q

What are the risks of neutropenia?

A

-Risk of bacterial infections

78
Q

What are the risks of thrombocytopenia ?

A

-Risk of blood loss and low platelets and autoimmune disease in children

79
Q

What is leucocytosis?

A

-sign of infection as high WBC count

80
Q

What is neutrophilia?

A

-Sign of bacterial infection

81
Q

What is eosinophilia?

A

-Sign of parasitic infection

82
Q

What is lymphocytosis?

A

-Sign of viral infection

83
Q

What is monocytosis?

A

-Sign of bacterial infection in tissues eg TB

84
Q

What makes up haemoglobin?

A

-Four haem groups containing a central iron that can bind to an oxygen that have 4 polypeptides between them

85
Q

What is erthyropoiesis ?

A

-Red blood cell production

86
Q

How is erythropoiesis regulated?

A

-Regulated with hormone erythroprotein, which is secreted by the kidney in response to hypoxia. Its a negative feedback loop

87
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

-Deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues

88
Q

What can cause hypoxia?

A

-Haemorrhage or injury, iorn deficiency. high altitude or lung disease

89
Q

What hormone enhances EPO production ?

A

-Testosterone

90
Q

What is haem broken down into

A

-Bilirubin secreted in bile, stercoblin
-brown pigmented excreted in faeces

91
Q

What is globing broken down into?

A

-amino acids

92
Q

What are the symptoms of anaemia?

A

-Fatigue, pallor, dyspnoea ad=nd chills

93
Q

How can anaemia be caused?

A

-Blood loss or RBC deficiency

94
Q

What are the two genetic conditions effecting RBC?

A

-Thalassemia and sickle cell anaemia

95
Q

What is thalassmia?

A

-A genetic condition where a globing chain in hb is absent or malfunctions leading to RBC becoming thin and delicate and lacking hb

96
Q

What is sickle cell anaemia?

A

-A genetic mutation where one amino acid os wrong in the globin B chain which causes RBC to be crescent C shape so O2 levels are low and higher risk of blocked vessels leading to stroke

97
Q

What is Polycythamia?

A

-Too many RBC which can increase the viscosity of the blood leading to stroke chi and renal disease

98
Q

What is haemostasis?

A

-Blood clotting

99
Q

How does haemostasis occur?

A

-Vascular spasm causes site of injury on skin to contract, platelets stick to exposed collagen to block the site and stimulate ADP thromboxane A2 and serotonin. At the same time, thrombin is produced from prothrombin to form fibrinogen then fibrin-a mesh like polymer to cover the injury site

100
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

-Blood clotting attached to a bloodd vessel

101
Q

What is an embolism ?

A

-part of the blood clot that breaks off and moves through the blood vessel until it reaches a vessel that is too small to let it pass

102
Q

If a person has group A blood, what antigen and antibodies do they have?

A

-Antigen A and antibody B

103
Q

If a person has group B blood, what antigen and antibodies do they have?

A

-Antigen B and antibody A

104
Q

If a person has group AB blood, what antigen and antibodies do they have?

A

-antigen A and no antibodies

105
Q

If a person has group O blood, what antigen and antibodies do they have?

A

-No antigens and antibodies A and B

106
Q

What makes a blood group + or - ?

A

-That presence or lack of a Rhesus factor

107
Q

What are the three types of capillaries?

A

-Continuous
-fenestrated
-sinusoids

108
Q

What are continuous capillaries?

A

-Smooth and skeletal muscle, important in blood brain barrier as a very tight junction to restrict toxin exchanges

109
Q

What are fenestrated capillaries?

A

-Higher permeability of larger biomolecules through small pores in the structure.
-Found in intestinal villi, kidney glomeruli and endocrine cells

110
Q

What are sinusoidal capillaries?

A

-Found in red bone marrow and liver, intercellular clefts are larger with fewer tight junctions to allow huge molecule perfusion eg blood cells, proteins and wastes

111
Q

What is venous return?

A

-The flow of blood back to the heart

112
Q

How does venous return work?

A

-Calf/skeletal muscle pump contracts
-Pulsatile arteries adjacent to vein complement the muscle pump/pressue and venous return occurs

113
Q

How does heart muscle get oxygenated ?

A

-Two small arteries branch off the aorta and profuse blood to the myocardium

114
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

-The pressure exerted on the walls of a blood vessel

115
Q

What is the top number on blood pressure?

A

-Systolic

116
Q

What is the bottom number on blood pressure?

A

-Diastolic

117
Q

What is the systolic blood pressure?

A

-Pressure exerted when heart contracts

118
Q

What is diastolic blood pressure?

A

-Pressure exerted when heart relaxes

119
Q

What is considered normal blood pressure?

A

-90/60 to 120/80

120
Q

How is blood pressure regulated?

A

-Autoregulation, neural, hormonal

121
Q

How is blood pressure regulated via auto regulation?

A

-Changes in blood flow are detected by local receptors during micro perfusion

122
Q

How is blood pressure regulated neurally?

A

-Short term regulation in responses to transient changes in arterial pressure via baroreflex mechanisms

123
Q

How is blood pressure regulated hormonally?

A

-Erythroproietin, anti-diuretic hormone, adrenaline/nonadrenaline

124
Q

How does neural regulation of high blood pressure occur?

A

-Baroreceptors firing rates increases and arterial blood pressure increases so vagal activity increases and sympathetic cardiac activity decreases which decreases heart rate and thus cardiac output

125
Q

How does neural regulation of high blood pressure occur?

A

-Baroreceptors firing rates decrease and arterial blood pressure decreases so vagal activity decreases and sympathetic cardiac activity increases which increases heart rate and thus cardiac output

126
Q

What does harm-dynamic mean?

A

-Mechanical flow

127
Q

What happens in the ventricles during ventricular filling?

A

-Diastole

128
Q

What happens to the atria during ventricular filling?

A

-Diastole then systole

129
Q

What happens to the atria during ventricular systole?

A

-Diastole

130
Q

What happens to the ventricles during ventricular systole?

A

-Systole

131
Q

What happens to the atria and ventricles in early diastole?

A

-Diastole in both

132
Q

Where does the ‘Lub’ sound come from?

A

-Atrioventricular valves closing

133
Q

Where does ‘dub’ sound come from ?

A

-Closing of semilunar valves

134
Q

Where does electrical flow come from in the right side of the heart?

A

-Sino-artial node- pacemaker

135
Q

What does the electrical flow come from in the left side of the heart>

A

-Atria ventricular node- middle of the hart has lower depolarisation than SA

136
Q

What happens in the fibrous mid line?

A

-No electrical conductivity

137
Q

What is the function of the bundle of his?

A
138
Q

What are the parking fibres?

A
139
Q

What are they key properties of cardiac muscle?

A

-Auto-rhymicity, excitability, conductivity and contractibility

140
Q

Why do some athletes abuse artificial EPO?

A

-More oxygen carrying capacity, endurance becomes better

141
Q

What are the3 main types of circulation?

A

-Veins
-Capillaires
-Arteries

142
Q

What do arteries do?-

A

-Carry blood away from the heart

143
Q

What do veins do?

A

-Carry blood towards the heart

144
Q

How does blood flow through the right side of the heart?

A
145
Q

How does blood flow through the left side of the heart?

A
146
Q

How does the electrical flow flow through the heart?

A
147
Q

How does the human body breathe in?

A
148
Q

How does the human body breathe out?

A

PMP101 (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions