Divisions and Function of the Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
What is the nervous system? DIAGRAM
A
2
Q
What are the two Nervous systems?
A
Central and Peripheral
3
Q
What is the Central Nervous System ?
A
- Brain and spinal cord
4
Q
What is the Peripheral Nervous System?
A
-Sensory neurons (messages from periphery to spinal cord nerves (messages from spinal cord to muscles/glands)
5
Q
What is the nervous system divided into?
A
-SOMATIC
-AUTONOMIC
6
Q
What are the building blocks of the Nervous System
A
- Neurons
-Oligodrebdrocytes (CNS)/ Schwann cells (PNS)
-Astrocytes
7
Q
What are Neurons?
A
–Many have a lipid sheath called myelin
-Highly specialised cells
-Responsible for communication (action
potential/neurotransmission)
8
Q
What is Oligodrendrocytes (CNS)/Schwannn cells (PNS)?
A
-Produce myelin, facilitate transmission
9
Q
What are Astrocytes ? digram
A
-Enable homeostasis, physical
10
Q
Glial cells support neurones (diagram)
A
11
Q
What are the 3 functional types of neurons?
A
12
Q
What are afferent or sensory neurones ?
A
-(sense)-signals from the periphery to CNS
13
Q
What are motor neurons?
A
14
Q
What are autonomic neurons?
A
15
Q
What are interneurons ?
A
16
Q
What are the 3 main function types of neurons ?
A
1) Peripheral nervous system - afferent or efferent neurones
2)Central nervous system -Inteneurons
3) morphological types-Unipolar, Bipolar, Multipolar
17
Q
What are morphological types of Neurons?
A
-Unipolar
-Bipolar
-Multipolar
18
Q
What are unipolar neurons?
A
19
Q
What ate bipolar neurons?
A
20
Q
What are multipolar neurons?
A
21
Q
What is a nerve?
A
22
Q
What do neurons from ?
A
-They form networks in order to communicate
23
Q
What is the site called where one neuron meets another?
A
-At the Synapse
24
Q
What is the synapse?
A
25
How do neurons form networks to communicate?
- Where one neuron meets another - synapse
- Electrical action potential triggers release of chemical signal (neurotransmitter)
- Neurotransmitters from the presynapse bind to postsynaptic receptors, triggering depolarisation of the postsynaptic neurone
26
What are neurotransmitters?
27
What is the Synapse ? diagram
- Very complex structure- maintains synaptic shape and function
28
What is a receptor?
29
What are the receptor types? diagram
30
What does an inhibitory synapse involve?
31
What does an excitatory synapse involve ? diagrams
32
What is Synaptic Transmission?
- Synaptic structures are complex
- Multiple synapses onto the same dendrite, can be excitatory or inhibitory
- Whether the neurone fires or not is a sum of all the synaptic inputs
33
What are inhibitory synapses? diagram
34
What are Excitatory synapses? diagram
35
What is the integration of multiple steps?
36
What are the types of neurotransmitters ?
-Excitatory neurotransmitters
-Inhibitory neurotransmitters
-Neuropeptides
37
What are examples of Excitatory neurotransmitters ?
Glutamate
-Monoamines
-Acetylcholine (mostly)
38
What are examples of Inhibitory neurotransmitters?
-GABA
-Glycine
-Endorphins
39
What are examples of Neuromodulators ?
-Neuropeptides
-Endocannabinoids
40
What direction does Action Potential travel through the nerve cell? DIAGRAM
41
The Brain and its protection- What is the Cranium ?
-This is a layer of protection of which protects the brain and the spinal cord
42
The Brain and its protection- What is the Meninges of the brain?
-are the membranes covering the brain and the spinal cord
43
What layers are present in order to protect the brain and spinal cord?
-The Cranium
-The meninges (membranes)
44
What is the Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
- Salty solution secreted into ventricles by choroid plexus
- Consists of transporting epithelia (ependyma): ependymal cells
- From ventricles to subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord
- Protection
- Physical: buoyancy and padding
- Chemical: Stable ionic environment
- Different to plasma
- No blood cells little protein
45
Labelled Diagram of the brain?
46
How does blood supply around the brain?
- Internal carotid and vertebral arteries supply brain, form circle of Willis
- Smaller arteries branch off, run over surface then penetrate brain
47
Why does there need to be a large blood supply to the brain?
- Nervous tissue: high metabolic requirements
- Requires high rates O2 and glucose
- 15% of blood supply to brain
- Very sensitive to Ischaemia
48
Blood Supply to the Brain diagram?
49
What is the The blood brain barrier (BBB)?
-protects CNS
50
How does the BBB protect the CNS?
-Capillaries in the brain less permeable
-- Exclude many molecules entering from the blood stream
- Protects brain from fluctuations in blood
- Endothelial cells line the capillary walls with tight junctions between them
- Processes from glial cells astrocytes form a barrier around blood vessels
- Some lipid soluble molecules can diffuse through cells
- Specific transporters allow certain molecules to access the brain
- The BBB is not complete in some brain areas
- Eg pituitary
- Vomiting centre in medulla
51
What is Gray Matter of the brain?
52
What is White Matter of the brain?
53
Diagram of brain?
54
What do bundles of axons do in the brain?
- connect different regions called tracts (often myelinated-lipid substance that covers some axons to speed up neurotransmission)
55
What occurs at the spinal cord?
-This is where information comes in to the CNS and directions are sent out
-Messages are sent to and from the brain
56
What protects the spinal cord?
-Vertebral Column
57
What is the Vertebral Column?
58
What are the 4 regions of the spinal cord?
-Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral
59
Diagram of spinal cord ?
60
What do the sensory nerves do in the spinal cord?
-enter via dorsal root
61
What do the motor nerves do in the spinal cord?
-leave via ventral root
62
The segments of the 4 regions of the spinal cord do what?
-Segments within these give rise to spinal nerves
63
What are the spinal nerves?
64
What is the (transverse/cross section) of the spinal cord?
-Provide distinct patterns?
65
Diagram of sensory nerve in and motor nerve out
66
What are ascending tracts in the spinal cord?
-they carry sensory information to the brain
67
What are descending tracts in the spinal cord?
-Carry commands to the motor neurons from the brain
68
Ascending and Descending tracts diagram - spinal cord?
69
What are axons?
-they carry information to and from the brain
70
Spinal cord: Peripheral nerves?
-NOT CNS
71
What are the two main types of Peripheral nerves? spinal cord
-spinal nerves
-cranial nerves
72
What are Peripheral nerves:?
-Nerves of which branch off the spinal cord
73
What is the Spinal nerve?
a mixed spinal nerve, which carries motor, sensory, between the spinal cord and the body.
74
In humans, how many Paired peripheral nerves are there? and what are they?
-31 pairs
-8 Cervical
-12 Thoracic
-5 Lumbar
75
Approx how many neurons does the human brain have?
-100,000,000,000
76
What is the function of the brain stem?
-involuntary functions, blood pressure, breathing, vomiting, sleep/arusal
77
Diagram of brain and labels functions such as the -Hypothalamus?
78
What is the Cerebrum of the brain?
79
What is the Hypothalamus of the brain?
80
What is the Corpus Callosum of the brain?
81
What is the Ventricles of the brain?
82
What is the Thalamus of the brain?
83
What is the mid-brain?
84
What is the cerebellum of the brain?
85
What is the brain stem?
86
What is the medulla of the brain?
87
What is the Pons of the brain?
88
What is the pituitary gland of the brain?
89
What is the Cerebrum known as?
-The cortex
90
What is the cortex ?
91
What are the 4 lobes of the cortex?
-Frontal:
-Parietal:
-Occipital:
-Temporal:
92
What is the -Frontal lobe of the cortex?
-Reasoning, planning, speech, movement, problem solving
93
What is the -Parietal lobe of the cortex?
-Movement/ orientation recognition, stimuli perception
94
What is the Occipital lobe of the cortex?
-Visual processing
95
What is the Temporal Lobe of the cortex?
-Perceptions/recognition of auditory stimuli
96
Diagram of where each lobe of the cortex are located?
97
What is the cortex?
2 hemispheres joined by corpus callosum
98
What are the 2 hemispheres of the cortex?
-Left Cerebral hemisphere
-Right Cerebral hemisphere
99
What is the corpus callosum?
100
Full cortex diagram?
101
What are the Cerebrum: Sub cortical structures ?
-- Three clusters of nuclei (cell bodies)
- Basal ganglia: Control of movement
- Limbic system
- Amygdala: emotion and memory
- Hippocampus: Learning and memory (under temporal lobe)
102
What are the 10 Cranial nerves (PNS)?
103
What is most of the brain made up of?
-Gilal cells?
104
What are gilail cells?
105
Synaptic structures enable what?
-neurotransmitter release and detection
106
Neurotransmitters can be?
-excitatory or inhibitory
107
What does the sum of all synaptic inputs determine?
-The firing of neurone
