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PMP101 > The Immune System - All notes > Flashcards

The Immune System - All notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunity?

A

-The ability to resist damage from pathogens, toxins and internal threats

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2
Q

What makes up the immune system?

A

-Lymphoid tissue, immune cells and chemicals that co ordinate and carry out immune functions

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3
Q

What are the functions of the immune system?

A

-Recognise and remove abnormal ‘self’ cells, removes dead or damaged cells, protects from disease-causing invaders

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4
Q

What are the types of immune response ?

A

-Non-specific innate immunity and specific acquired immunity

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5
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

-System of vessels, cells and organs carrier excess fluids to the bloodstream and filters pathogens from the blood

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6
Q

What is the lymph ?

A

-Interstitial fluid once it has entered lymphatic vessels

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7
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A

-Fluid balance, lipid absorption and defence against pathogens

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8
Q

What is a pathogen ?

A

-A substance or microorganism that causes disease or damage to the tissues of the body

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9
Q

What organs contribute to drainage?/

A

-Tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus

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10
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

-Located along lymphatic vessels where lymph passes through before going into the blood; stimulates lymphocytes to divide and removes pathogens using macrophages

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11
Q

What does a lymph do?

A

-Carries fluid from tissues to circulatory system, forced through vessels by contraction of skeletal muscles

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12
Q

What are the functions of capillaries in the lymphatic system?

A

-Where fluid enters the lymphatic system, have thinner walls to allow movement and has overlapping epithelial flaps so fluid only moves into capillaries

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13
Q

What is chyle?

A

-Milky fluid that drains from the intestinal lacteals containing lipids and lipid soluble proteins and vitamins

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14
Q

What are the lymphatic capillaries found in the small intestine?

A

-Lacteals

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15
Q

How does lymphatic system circulate ?

A

-Lymphatic capillaries to vessels to trunks to the 2 ducts

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16
Q

How does the right lymphatic system drain?

A

-The right side of the head, throat and right arm drain from the right lymphatic duct and drains into the right subclavian vein

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17
Q

How does the left lymphatic system drain?

A

-The rest of the body drains from the thoracic duct drains into the left subclavian vein

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18
Q

What are tonsils?

A

-Protective ring of lymphatic tissue around the nasal and oral cavities and the pharynx protect from food pathogens

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19
Q

What are the functions of the spleen?

A

-Filters the blood, responds to foreign substances and destroy old RBC

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20
Q

What types of tissue make up the spleen?

A

-White pulp and red pulp

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21
Q

What is white pulp?

A

-Lymphatic tissue around the arteries in the spleen where lymphocytes can be stimulated to divide

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22
Q

What is red pulp?

A

-Surrounds the veins and contains macrophages and red blood cells

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23
Q

What is the thymus?

A

-A two lobed gland divided into lobules where mature T cells migrate to the medulla, enter the blood and travel to other lymphatic tissue

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24
Q

What are the cells of the immune system?

A

-Leukocytes, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells, dendric cells

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25
Q

What are basophils and mast cells?

A

-Release mediators that contribute to inflammation eg. heparin and histamine. Basophils in circulation and mast cells in tissues

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26
Q

What are eosinophils ?

A

-Respond to allergic reactions and parasitic diseases in the digestive tract, lungs, urinary, and genital epithelia. They are cytotoxic

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27
Q

What are neutrophils ?

A

-Phagocytic WBC with a segmented nucleus that kill and ingest bacteria

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28
Q

What are monocytes and macrophages?

A

-Monocytes are precursors of macrophages, once in the tissues monocytes enlarge and differentiate into phagocytic macrophages

29
Q

What are APCs?

A

-Antigen presenting cells that can insert fragments of processed antigen into its membrane to become part of the surface protein complex

30
Q

What are the 3 sub types of lymphocytes ?

A

-B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and natural killer cells

31
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

-Antigen presenting cells found in the skin that capture antigens and migrate to lymph nodes

32
Q

What is specificity?

A

-Where adaptive immunity recognising a particular substance eg. specific virus

33
Q

What are the features of innate immunity?

A

-Rapid and non-specific, consists of physical barriers, chemical mediators, leukocytes, inflammatory response to enhance adaptive immune response

34
Q

What are the physical barrier?

A

-Skin, mouth, stomach, mucosal epithelia, tears, saliva and urine

35
Q

What are the types of chemical mediators ?

A

-Complement and cytokines

36
Q

What are types of cytokines?

A

-Interleukins, interferons, chemokine

37
Q

What are the features of complement chemical mediators ?

A

-Are proteins within plasma, normally inactivated but once activated a series of reactions occurs

38
Q

Explain the reaction series after a complement chemical mediator has been activated ?

A

-Binds to cell membrane of pathogen labelling it for phagocytosis, act as chemotactic agents to attract phagocytes to site of inflammation, form damaging pores in the plasma membrane (membrane attack membrane)

39
Q

What are cytokines ?

A

-Small signalling molecules released from cells to trigger immune response

40
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

-Response to pathogens improves with each encounter, is specific and can memorise

41
Q

What do chemical mediators do?

A

-Promote the immune response

42
Q

What do interferons do?

A

-Are secreted by cells infected by a virus to travel to adjacent cells and induce them to make antiviral proteins to inhibit viral reproduction, can also activate other immune cells

43
Q

What are the features of white blood cells?

A

-Produced in red bone marrow, many different types

44
Q

How do neutrophils and macrophages work together?

A

-After a neutrophil has died after signalling for an immune response the macrophage will clean it up along with other cell debris

45
Q

What are the types of white blood cells?

A

-Basophil
-Eosihophil
-Lympocyte
-Neutrophil
-Monocyte

46
Q

What do natural killer cells do?

A

-Recognise the type of cell eg. tumour or virus and kill their target cell by damaging cell membrane to allow extracellular fluid into the cell

47
Q

Explain how the inflammatory response is initiated ?

A

-Tissue injury causes mast cells or basophils to degranulate

48
Q

What happens when basophils degranulate in the inflammatory response?

A

-Release of chemical mediators, vasodilation (histamine and prostaglandin), increased vascular permeability (histamine), recruitment of phagocytes

49
Q

What are the features of lymphocytes ?

A

-Each clone is from a single B or T cell, respond only to a particular antigen, becomes activated when receptor combines with antigen and multiplies

50
Q

What are MHC class II molecules?

A

-APC-macrophages, dentritic, lymphocytes

51
Q

What is the MHC-antigen complex?

A

-Helps that antigen to present to another lymphocyte

52
Q

What is an MHC class I molecule?

A

-A non-antigen presenting MHC

53
Q

How do helper T cells proliferate?

A

-MHC class II molecules needs a complementary T cell, secreted cytokines and CD molecules (help them bind) to be stimulated to divide and help B cells and other T cells to be activated

54
Q

How do T helper cells help B cells become activated?

A

-Takes in same antigen as helper T cell, gets presented on surface of the B cells by MHC class II molecule, T cell binds to MHC II / antigen complex using CD4 to stimulate B cell to divide

55
Q

What do B cells divide into?

A

-Plasma cells and antibodies

56
Q

What are the features of antibodies ?

A

-Bind to extracellular antigens y- shaped protein of 4 polypeptide chains (2 heavy 2 light) variable region (binding site) and constant region

57
Q

What is the primary response in antibody production ?

A

-Exposure to antigen, B cell divides, forms plasma and memory B cells, plasma cells produce antibodies, normally develops disease symptoms, after antigen destroyed antibodies degrade and plasma cells die

58
Q

What is the secondary response in antibody production?

A

-If previously exposed to antigen, memory B cells quickly divide to form plasma cells, makes more memory cells, quicker to produce antibodies, more plasma cells and antibodies

59
Q

What are IgG antibodies ?

A

-Secondary immune response, some can cross the placental membrane

60
Q

What are IgA antibodies?

A

-External secretions eg. saliva, tears, mucus

61
Q

What do IgE antibodies do?

A

-Targets gut parasites and are associated with allergic responses

62
Q

What do IgM antibodies do?

A

-Primary immune response

63
Q

What are the features of cytotoxic T cells?

A

-Intracellular effects, essential in viral infections and antibodies can’t enter cell, destroys infected cell

64
Q

How are cytotoxic T cells proliferated ?

A

-Virus infects cell, some viral proteins become processed antigens, combine with MHC class I molecules, T cell receptor binds with MHC-antigen complex with the help of CD8, and other helper cells which stimulates the T cell to divide

65
Q

What does a cytotoxic T cell divide into?

A

-Additional cytotoxic T cells and memory T cells

66
Q

What are two functions of cytotoxic T cells?

A

-Release cytokines, attract other immune cells, active additional cytotoxic T cells directly kill virus infected cells-cause them to lyse

67
Q

What is an allergic response?

A

-An immune response to a non-pathogenic antigen that is not typically harmful to the body

68
Q

How does an allergic response occur?

A

-Allergen processed by antigen presenting cell which then activated helper T cells. This then binds to B lymphocytes which the differentiates into plasma cells which secrete antibodies. Mast cells with these antibodies are then re exposed to the allergen and degranulate releasing cytokines and histamine causing inflammation and the allergic response

PMP101 (23 decks)

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