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PMP101 > Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

What is an Organism?

A

Organisms are made of CELLS of which are the smallest fundamental units of life

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2
Q

What are the two types of organisms?

A

1) Unicellular
2) Multicellular

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3
Q

What is a Unicellular Organism?

A

All bacteria, fungi, yeasts, algae

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4
Q

What is a Multicellular Organism?

A

1) Parasites (not protozoa)
2) Pluricellular fungi such as moulds, algae
3) Plants (Onion Cells)
4) Animals (Epithelial Cells)

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5
Q

What determines a cells specific specialisation?

A

The shape and size of the cell

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6
Q

What are red blood cells?

A

A blood cell made in the bone marrow and found in the blood

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7
Q

What do red blood cells contain? And their function?

A

Contain a protein called Haemoglobin, which carries oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body. Does not contain a nucleus

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8
Q

What shape is the red blood cell?

A

Biconcave shape, small and flexible

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9
Q

What is the function of a nerve cell/ neuron?

A

To transmit electrical impulses to other nerve cells, muscles or gland cells in response to environment stimuli

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10
Q

What is the shape of a nerve cell/ neuron?

A

Thin and long; branched at their ends; different sub cellular parts; release if neurotransmitter signals

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11
Q

What is a light/optical microscope used for?

A

To observe living cells in a tissue and some internal structures.

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12
Q

What does magnification mean in terms of a microscope?

A

The ratio of an objects image to its real size. Objective X ocular lens. The limit is around X1000

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13
Q

What does resolution mean in terms of a microscope?

A

It is the ability to distinguish between two very closely positioned objects. The limit is about 0.2um

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14
Q

What is a Fluorescence microscope used for? and how does it work?

A

To visualise and monitor the localisation of labelled molecules within a cell or tissue.
Works through excitation of fluorophores which detects fluorescence signals

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15
Q

Diagram of Fluorescence Microscope

A
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16
Q

Diagram of Light/Optic microscope

A
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17
Q

What are the two main types of electron microscopes?

A

Transmission EM (TEM)
Scanning EM (SEM)

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18
Q

What is a Transmission EM (TEM) microscope?

A

It is an electron microscope which is used to study organelles

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19
Q

What is a Scanning EM (SEM) microscope?

A

It is an electron microscope which is used in order to study the cell surface

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20
Q

What is an electron microscope used for?

A

Technique for obtaining high resolution images, using a beam of electrons (very short wavelengths) as the source of illuminating radiation
Provides a detailed structure of cells, organelles and macromolecule complexes
Living cells can not be observed

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21
Q

Can living cells be observed through an electron microscope?

A

No

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22
Q

Can you see living cells through a microscope?

A

They must be stained to be visible in a traditional light microscope- which can kill them

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23
Q

What parts of a cell do all cell types have?

A
  • Plasma membrane
    -Cytosol
    -Ribosomes
    -DNA molecules
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24
Q

What is a plasma membrane?

A
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25
Q

What is the cytosol?

A

A concentrated aqueous solution of chemicals

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26
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

perform biological protein synthesis

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27
Q

What are DNA molecules?

A

They are molecules which carry hereditary information, defining each species

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28
Q

All genetic information of a cell is defined as what?

A

A Genome

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29
Q

What are Macromolecules in cells?

A

They are polymers made by specific repeating molecular units, monomers

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30
Q

What macromolecules are found in cells of all organisms?

A

-Carbohydrates/Polysaccharides
-Proteins
-Lipids
-Nucleic acids

31
Q

What is a monomer?

A
32
Q

What is a polymer?

A
33
Q

What is a polymerisation or condensation reaction?

A
34
Q

What is anabolism?

A
35
Q

What is hydrolysis/catabolism?

A

The process of which POLYMERS can be broken down into SMALLER molecules again. The process is called CATABOLISM

36
Q

What is Catabolism?

A

the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones

37
Q

What is the equation for Metabolism?

A

Catabolism + Anabolism = Metabolism

38
Q

Monomer and Polymer diagram

A
39
Q

What is a Prokaryotic Cell?

A

-Without a nucleus
-Only one compartment surrounded by a plasma membrane
-Has NO organelles
-Simple internal organisation

40
Q

What is a Eukaryotic cell?

A

-With nucleus
-Internal membranes that enclose the organelles
-Complex organisation

41
Q

What cell is smaller Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic cell is smaller (0.1-5um)

42
Q

Prokaryotic cells are divided into two domains. What are they?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

43
Q

What is the difference between Bacteria and Archaea?

A

They are structurally similar but have different biochemical abilities.

Archaea live in normal habitats, most grow in extreme environmental conditions

Bacteria

44
Q

Prokaryotic cell structure diagram

A

-

45
Q

What are the surface layers of a prokaryotic cell?

A

-Plasma membrane
-Cell wall
-Glycocalyx

46
Q

What is a plasma membrane?

A

Flexible lipid bilayer membrane made up of phospholipids and proteins.
DO NOT contain sterols
It controls the movement of molecules across the cell and protects the internal composition

47
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

A rigid structure composed of peptidoglycan
Maintenance of cell shape and structural integrity

48
Q

What is Glycocalyx?

A

A capsule or slime layer composed of polysaccharides or polypeptides
It protects the cell against dehydration, immune system (phagocytosis) and antibiotics. It is also an adherence factor

49
Q

What is the intracellular composition of a Prokaryotic Cell?

A

-Cytoplasm
-Ribosomes
-Single circular genomic DNA in nucleoid. NO NUCLEUS
-Inclusion bodies
-Plasmids

50
Q

What is the Cytoplasm?

A
51
Q

What are ribosomes?

A
52
Q

What are plasmids?

A
53
Q

What are Appendages?

A
54
Q

What are the Appendages in Prokaryotic cells?

A

-Flagellum
-Fimbriae/ filli
-Sex pilus/ pilli

55
Q

What is Flagellum?

A

Whip-like structure, locomotion movement and acts as a sensory structure

56
Q

What is Fimbriae/Filli

A

organelles expressed on the surface of bacteria

57
Q

What is sex plus/ pilli ?

A

Appendage which it attaches to a female bacterium, preparatory to the transfer of DNA from male to female.

58
Q

Where are Eukaryotic cells found?

A

Found in Unicellular Organisms (Protozoa and yeasts)
Found in Multicellular organisms (animals)

59
Q

Is the cell wall present in animal and human cells?

A

No, a cell wall is only found in plant cells

60
Q

Do eukaryotic cells or prokaryotic cells have a nucleus ?

A

Eukaryotic cells

61
Q

Diagram of Eukaryotic cell

A
62
Q

What organelles are only present in Eukaryotic cells?

A

-Nucleus
-Mitochondria
-Endoplasmic Reticulum
-Golgi apparatus
-Peroxisomes

63
Q

The organelles in Eukaryotic cells are…

A

Membrane-bound structures allowing compartmentalisation so that other kinds of biochemical reactions can take place in specific sites.
Every organelle has one or more internal compartments

64
Q

What are Lysosomes?

A

Digestive enzymes

65
Q

Where are Lysosomes found?

A

Organelles only found in animal cells

66
Q

What are Chloroplasts?

A
67
Q

Where are Chloroplasts found?

A

Organelles only found in plants

68
Q

What are the Eukaryotic cell components?

A

-Cytoplasm
-Cytosol
-Ribosomes
-Cytoskeleton

69
Q

What is a Microfilament ? and where is it found?

A
70
Q

What is an intermediate filament? and where is it found?

A
71
Q

What are microtubules? and where are they found?

A

There are major components of the cytoskeleton. They are found in all eukaryotic cells, and they are involved in mitosis,

72
Q

Multicellular organisms depend on what?

A

-interaction of specialised cells

73
Q

List 3 cytoskeleton filaments from the thickest to the thinnest?

A

-microtubules
-Intermediate filaments
-Microfilaments

74
Q

Monomers join together via what?

A

-condensation (or polymerisation) reactions

PMP101 (23 decks)

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