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PMP101 > Cellular Energetics > Flashcards

Cellular Energetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is Cell Metabolism?

A

The sum of all chemical changes that take place in a cell through which energy and basic components are provided for essential processes, including the synthesis of new molecules and the breakdown and removal of others.

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2
Q

To be able to grow, divide and carry out day to day activities(assembling polymers, membrane transport, moving and reproducing), cells require a constant supply of what ?

A

Energy

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3
Q

How to cells obtain energy?

A

From food molecules

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4
Q

What are Autorophs?

A

Plants, Algae by photosynthesis

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5
Q

What are Heterotrophs?

A

Fungi, animals, humans by cellular respiration

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6
Q

What is the breakdown of food molecules? diagram

A
  • During digestion, large food molecules are broken down (catabolism) into smaller molecules- monomers

ANABOLISM+CATABOLISM=METABOLISM

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7
Q

What is Cellular Respiration?

A
  • step-wise process that breaks down (oxidation) sugars and other metabolites to CO2 and water
  • Converts the energy released from food into the concomitant build-up of ATP molecules (the terminal phosphoanhydride bond)
  • Cellular respiration is an aerobic process, it requires and consumes oxygen, except the glycolysis
  • Oxidation-reduction enzymes include NAD+ and FAD as coenzymes
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8
Q

What is the Oxidation ?

A
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9
Q

What type of process is Cellular Respiration?

A

-An aerobic process, requires and consumes oxygen

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10
Q

What are the reduction enzymes involved in Cellular Respiration?

A

NAD+ and FAD as coenzymes

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11
Q

What is ATP used in the cell as? diagram

A
  • Energy currency- used to drive a variety of chemical reactions in cells (also GTP)
  • Hydrolysis of high-energy phosphate bonds (in particular between Y and B (beta) phosphates) release energy to fuel cellular processes/reactions
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12
Q

When is ADP recycled back into ATP?

A

-During cellular respiration, ADP is recycled back into ATP (requiring energy)
-ADP+phosphate+energy = ATP

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13
Q

What are organic fuel molecules?

A
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14
Q

What is the oxidation of organic fuel molecules?

A

-This is when during cellular respiration, glucose and other metabolites are oxidised and O2 is reduced in a series of steps

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15
Q

What are the steps of Oxidation during cellular respiration?

A
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16
Q

What is Oxidation?

A

-A molecule is oxidised, meaning it LOSES electrons

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17
Q

What is Reduction ?

A

-A molecule is reduced, meaning it GAINS electrons

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18
Q

What are the most common electron carriers?

A

-NAD+, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
-FAD, Flavin adenine dinucelotide

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19
Q

Electron Carrying molecules (NAD+ and FAD)add diagrams and more info

A
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20
Q

How many phases are in cellular respiration?

A

4

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21
Q

What are the 4 phases of cellular respiration?

A

-Glycolysis
-Pyruvate Oxidation to form acetyle-CoA
-Citric Acid Cycle
-Oxidative Phosphorylation

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22
Q

What is the process of Glycolysis during cellular respiration?

A

the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. Occurs in the cytoplasm. Does not utilise oxygen.

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23
Q

What is the process of Pyruvate oxidation to form acetyle-coA during Cellular Respiration?

A

Pyruvate is oxidised into acetyl-CoA. Occurs in the matrix of mitochondria. It requires oxygen.

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24
Q

What is the process of Citric acid cycle during Cellular Respiration?

A

oxidises acetyl group acetyl-CoA in CO2, with CoA release. Occurs in the matrix of mitochondria. It requires oxygen

25
Q

What is the process of oxidative phosphorylation during Cellular Respiration?

A

(electron transport chain and chemiosmosis). Occurs in the matrix and inner membrane of mitochondria. It requires oxygen.

26
Q

Add diagrams for the 4 phases of cellular respiration

A
27
Q

Glycolysis -Key points

A
  • Glycolysis (’splitting of sugar’) to break down glucose (6-C atoms) into 2 molecules of pyruvate (3-C atoms)
  • It generates 2 ATP + 2 NADH (NET result)
  • Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm

DOES NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN

-It is a source of energy for anaerobic microorganisms

-Consists of 10 different reactions (10 enzymes) in two major phases
- Energy investment phase
- Energy payoff phase

28
Q

What happens to the NADH molecules during Glycolysis?

A

NADH molecules are transported into mitochondria, where they donate their electrons to an electron-transport chain that produces ATP by chemiomosis.

29
Q

What is Fermentation?

A
  • Occurring in the cytoplasm, in the absence of oxygen, to break down pyruvate
  • No energy production, but it restores the NAD+ consumed in the gylcolysis
30
Q

What is LACTIC FERMENTATION?

A

-Pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid
-Occurs in muscle cells, when the oxygen is not adequate
-Lactic acid can build up-cramps

31
Q

What is ETHANOL FERMENTATION?

A

-Pyruvate is reduced to ethanol & CO2
-Occurs in bacteria and yeast cells, human cells can not ferment alcohol
-Used to produce alcoholic spirits, bread

32
Q

What is the overall reactions of anaerobiotic metabolism for LACTIC FERMENTATION?

A
33
Q

What is the overall reactions of anaerobiotic metabolism for ETHANOL FERMENTATION?

A
34
Q

add diagrams of lactic and ethanol fermentation

A
35
Q

What is Pyruvate Oxidation? add diagram

A

-In presence of O2, pyruvate enters the mitochondrion (in eukaryotic cells)

36
Q

What is mitochondria ?-RECAP

A
  • Double-layered structure with 4 distinct parts
  • There is the intermembrane space between the outer and inner membranes and the matrix within the inner membrane.
  • Functions- Contain enzymes responsible for the ATP production (krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation)
37
Q

What is the Inner mitochondrial membrane? RECAP

A

INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE - It is folded into cristae to increase surface area. Almost impermeable to ions and small molecules. It contains transporters, the electron transport chain.

38
Q

What is the Matrix of mitochondria? RECAP

A

MATRIX- The gel-like material enclosed by the inner membrane. It contains a high concentration of enzymes.

39
Q

Steps of Pyruvate oxidation/decarboxylation into Acetyl-CoA? diagram

A
  • It links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle/Krebs cycle
    -In the presence of 02, pyruvate produced by glycolysis is actively (with ATP) pumped into the mitochondrial matrix
    -Pyruvate converted to a 2-carbon acetyl group, by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in the matrix
    -Attached to Coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA
    -Electron picked up by NAD+ to form NADH
    -CO2 released outside the mitochondria (waste)
40
Q

What is the equation for the Pyruvate oxidation/decarboxylation into Acetyl-CoA?

A
41
Q

Fats are broken down through what process?

A

Beta oxidation of fatty acids

42
Q

What is Beta Oxidation of fatty acids?

A

-Break down of fats

-Fats are stores as triacylglycerol (in lipid droplets)
-3 fatty acid chains linked to glycerol by ester bonds

-When there is demand of energy, lipase hydrolyse these ester bonds to release fatty acids
-Glycerol can be converted and enter glycolysis
-Fatty acids are coupled to coenzyme A (activation), utilising ATP, to form fatty acyl CoA

-Fatty acyl CoA are transported into the mitochondrial matrix and subsequently oxidised in a cycle (beta oxidation) of 4 reactions
-Each turn of the cycle shortens the fatty acyl CoA by 2 carbons to form acetyl CoA (entering the citric acid cycle) and release FADH2, NADH

43
Q

What is the Krebs’ Cycle?

A

The Citric Acid Cycle

44
Q

What is the Citric Acid Cycle ?diagram

A
45
Q

What are the NET RESULTS OF THE GLUCOSE CATABOLISM AFTER CITRIC ACID CYCLE?

A
  • Glycolysis:
    glucose converted into 2 molecules of pyruvate
    producing 2 ATP, 2 NADH
  • Pyruvate oxidation ( 2 molecules/glucose breaking down)
    pyruvate converted into acetyl CoA
    producing 2 NADH
  • Citric Acid cycle (2 turns/glucose).
    acetyl CoA converted to CO2
    producing 2 ATP (from GTP), 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
46
Q

What is the Total glucose catabolism after the citric acid cycle?

A

TOTAL/GLUCOSE = 4 ATP + 10 NADH + 2 FADH2

47
Q

What is Oxidative phosphorylation ?

A
  • Oxidative phosphorylation is composed of 2 stages:

-Electron Transport Chain
-Chemiosmosis

48
Q

What is the Electron Transport Chain?

A
  • NADH and FADH2 transfer their high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain**
  • its composed of 4 protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane, acting as electron carriers.
  • Passage of electrons through the complex
  • Electrons drop in free energy as they go through the chain and finally, are passed to O2 that combine with proteins, forming H2O.
49
Q

What is Chemiosmosis ?

A
  • The resulting proton gradient is used to drive the synthesis of ATP by the ATP synthase (a large, multisubunit complex in the inner mitochondrial membrane)
  • The electron transport caused the pumping of protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space, generating a proton gradient across the inner membrane (chemiosmosis)
  • ADP is pumped into the matrix and ATP is pumped out by an antiport process
50
Q

Glucose Catabolism: Overall Energy Yield

A
51
Q

The conversion of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate is the result of what process?

A

Glycolysis

52
Q

What molecule enters Citric Acid Cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA

53
Q

Food molecules are broken down in successive steps, in which…..

A

-Energy is captures in the form of activated carriers such as ATP, NADH and FADH2

54
Q

What happens to the glucose during Glycolysis?

A

-The 6-carbon glucose is split to form two molecules of pyruvate

55
Q

In the presence of oxygen, eukaryotic cells convert pyruvate into acetyl CoA plus CO2 in the mitochondrial matrix (otherwise it undergoes a fermentation). What happens next?

A

The citric acid cycle then converts the acetyl group in acetyl CoA to CO2 and H2O, regenerating oxaloacetate.

56
Q

Fatty Acids can be converted to what and where? Through beta oxidation

A

Fatty acids can be converted to acetyl CoA in the mitochondria (beta oxidation)

57
Q

What is generated in the first 3 steps of the cellular respiration?

A

-NADH and FADH2

58
Q

What doe sNADH and FADH2 do during the first 3 steps of cellular respiration?

A

pass their high-energy electrons to an electron-transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane, which triggers the activation of the ATP synthase to obtain ATP.

59
Q

What can Glucose Catabolism generate?

A

could generate around 30-32 ATP molecules (NET YIELD)

PMP101 (23 decks)

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