The Self

Question 1

What is the self concept?

Answer 1

The object of knowledge (beliefs)

Question 2

What is self esteem?

Answer 2

The object of evaluation (feelings)

Question 3

What is the function of a self concept?

Answer 3

dem Selsbt Kohärenz und Bedeutung zuschreiben

Question 4

Name the four sources of the self-concept

Answer 4

1. Behavior
2. Remebering / Imagining own behavior
3. Introsepection, Thoughts and Feelings
4. Others

Question 5

What is the Self-Perception Theory (Bem, 1967)?

Answer 5

Self-observations as basis of self-inferences

“I got an A in chemistry, I guess I am good at it (I guess I like it).”

Question 6

diagnostic value of self-observations

• intrinsically motivated behavior = (highly/little) diagnostic
• extrinsically motivated behavior = (highly/little) diagnostic

Answer 6

• intrinsically motivated behavior = highly diagnostic
• extrinsically motivated behavior = little diagnostic

Providing external reward can reduce intrinsic motivation

Question 7

What is the problem for most people in regards to Introspection?

Answer 7

They often have no or inaccurate introspective access to what makes them think, feel, behave

Question 8

What is meant by the looking glass self (Cooley, 1902)?

Answer 8

Other peoples’ (perceived) reactions to ourselves serve as mirror in which we recognize (construe) ourselves

e. g.
* Observer reactions
* Imagination of their perceptions & judgments
* Internalization of reflected appraisal into self-concept

Question 9

Explain the Social Comparison Theory (Festinger, 1954)

Answer 9

• We seek social comparisons
• With similar (relevant) others

Question 10

Social Comparison Theory (Festinger, 1954)

What do we prefer?
distinguishing or non-distinctive information

Answer 10

distinguishing information

Question 11

What types of Social Identity are there?

Answer 11

Question 12

Explain Multiple Selves (Markus & Wurf, 1987)

Answer 12

Self-knowledge organized by social roles, situations, relationships

Question 13

What is meant by “Self = Construction (on the spot)”?

Answer 13

Question 14

Name important functions of the self

Answer 14

Question 15

What are self-reference effects?

Answer 15

Question 16

What have Humphreys & Sui found in 2016 regarding self-reference effects?

Answer 16

Activation of neural “self-attention network”

Question 17

What is meant by (In)dependence as self-schema (Markus, 1977)?

Answer 17

refers to a cognitive structure that individuals develop about themselves regarding their level of independence or dependence

• (in)dependence self-schema influences how individuals perceive and interpret their own behavior, make decisions, and respond to social situations related to independence or dependence

Question 18

What is meant by Self-assessment motive?

Answer 18

strive to reach an accurate and objective understanding of the self

Question 19

What is meant by Self-verification motive?

Answer 19

strive to reaffirm and reinforce self-concept (desire for stable & coherent self)

Question 20

When are Self-assessment and Self-verification motive especially high?

Answer 20

when self is insecure

Question 21

What is meant by self-expression?

Answer 21

Question 22

Explain the Symbolic Self Completion Theory (Gollwitzer & Wicklund, 1985)

Answer 22

Question 23

Explain the Sociometer Theory (Leary, 2012)

Answer 23

Question 24

Explain the Hierometer-Theory (e.g., Mahadevan, et al., 2016)

Answer 24

Question 25

What is meant by “better-than-average” effect or superiority bias?

Answer 25

Question 26

What is a Implicit Association Test (IAT)?

Answer 26

People tend to react fastet in the me-positive/others-negative block

Question 27

How do people reach a positive picture of the self?

Answer 27

- Actor/Observer Bias - Situation selection - Self-serving information processing – Selectively searching for information that supports desired conclusions – re-asses self-threatening implications of feedback – Process positive info with higher weight when integrating info - Biased Social Comparisons self-evaluation maintenance theory (Tesser, 1988)

Question 28

Explain the Biased Social Comparisons self-evaluation maintenance theory (Tesser, 1988)

Answer 28

Question 29

Name the Self-Monitoring Styles (Snyder, 1974)

Answer 29

Question 30

Explain the Self-Awareness Theory: (Duval & Wicklund, 1972)

Answer 30

Question 31

What is the Test-Operate-Test-Exit process loop (TOTE)

Answer 31

Question 32

Name the Self-Guides (Higgins, 1987)

Answer 32

Question 33

# Self-Regulation Theory (Higgins, 1987) Compare the Actual-Ideal with the Actual-Ought Discrepancy

Answer 33

Question 34

Was ist mit Selbstregulation gemeint?

Answer 34

Kontrolle des Selbst durch das Selbst

Question 35

Wenn wir unsere Aufmerksamkeit auf das Selbst richten, bringt uns dies dazu, ____ zu überwachen, ob unser Verhalten im Einklang mit den Sollwerten steht.

Answer 35

Wenn wir unsere Aufmerksamkeit auf das Selbst richten, bringt uns dies dazu, **stärker** zu überwachen, ob unser Verhalten im Einklang mit den Sollwerten steht.

Question 36

In welchen kulturen wird eher auf Persönlichkeitsmerkmale attribuiert?

Answer 36

in individualistischen