Person Perception Flashcards

1
Q

What is in a Person‘s Face?

A
  • Identity & Familiarity
  • Category information (e. g., attractiveness, age, gender)
  • Nonverbal Communication (e. g., emotion, attitudes, attention)
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2
Q

What is the Attractiveness Bias?

A

“What-is-beautiful-is-good-stereotype“
- people spontaneously associate many desirable characteristics to attractive faces

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3
Q

How accurate is the person construal from faces?

A

has a low accuracy

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4
Q

Why is the Person Construal from Faces important to look at?

A
  • high social consensus
  • can be highly influential
  • may cause confirmative behaviour
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5
Q

Why does Person Construal from Faces have such an impact?

A
  • Evolutionary advantage?
  • Overgeneralization hypothesis
  • Overgeneralization hypothesis
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6
Q

What your stuff (room, desk, playlist, dog) says about you (Gosling, 2002)
Is this valid?

A

Yes
- High perceiver consistency
- Above-chance accuracy
- Reliance on valid cues (behavioral residuals)

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7
Q

Which two kinds of knowledge do we process with regards to interpreting people?

A
  • Available Knowledge (stored associations)
  • Accessible Knowledge (activated associations)
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8
Q

In what two points can you differentiate Accessible Knowledge?

A
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9
Q

How do we process social information?

Name the two kinds of processing

A
  • Superficial Processing
  • Systematic Processing
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10
Q

Define Superficial Processing

A
  • No or minimal effort, quick
  • based on single/few attributes
  • depends on accessibility
  • stable judgments (conservatism)
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11
Q

Define Systematic Processing

A
  • High motivation & effort, slow
  • integration of multiple attributes
  • depends on accessibility
  • table judgments (conservatism)
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12
Q

What is the the Halo effect (Asch, 1946; Lorge, 1936)?

A

central features shape interpretation of other information

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13
Q

What is the the Primacy effect (Asch, 1946)?

A

early information shapes interpretation of later information

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14
Q

What have Heider-Simmel Demonstration (1944) discovered for impressions of people on us?

A

Participants spontaneously described the movements of triangles and circles in terms of human actions, feelings, and emotions

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15
Q

What are Dispositions?

A

person characteristics with relative temporal and situational stability (traits)

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16
Q

Why do we attribute?
Attribution: assigning causality to an observed behavior

A
  • Mastery needs (understand & control)
  • (connectedness & positive self concept)
17
Q

How do we attribute?
Attribution: assigning causality to an observed behavior

A

by identifying others‘ dispositions

18
Q

What is Attribution?

A

assigning causality to an observed behavior

19
Q

Correspondent Inference Theory (Jones & Heider, 1965)

Explain Correspondence Inference

A

We tend to attribute another person’s behavior to their own dispositional qualities (intentions, traits) rather than to situational factors.

20
Q

When would the Correspondence Inference effect be justified?

A
21
Q

Why does the Correspondence Inference (Bias) exist?

A
  • Lacking awareness of situational forces
  • Lacking understanding for situational forces
  • Expectations biased by situational forces
  • Failure to correct for situational forces
22
Q

Explain the Three-stage Model of Social Inference (Gilbert et al., 1988; Gilbert & Malone, 1995)

A
23
Q

Explain the Covariation Theory (Kelley, 1967)

A
24
Q

With the example of falling asleep during lectures, how doe people attribute based on the Covariation Theory?

A
25
Q

Covariation Theory

Describe Kelley’s Cube

A
26
Q

Does the Covariation Theory (Kelley, 1967) have empirical evidence?

A

Yes, when provided with full DCC information, people infer many of the predicted causes

DCC= Distinctiveness, Consistency & Consensus

27
Q

Name critic on the Covariation Theory (Kelley, 1967)

A
  • We rarely have the full information available
  • Little empirical evidence that people actively & systematically search for the full DCC information
  • We rarely have time & capacity for systematic processing

DCC= Distinctiveness, Consistency & Consensus

28
Q

Instead of using DCC information, what do we do for Impression Fomation?

DCC= Distinctiveness, Consistency & Consensus from Kelley (1967)

A

We more often use scripts and causal schemas to explain behavior

29
Q

What is a Script in Impression Formation?

A

Memory representation of typical sequences of behaviors (What happens when)

30
Q

What is a Causal Schema in Impression Formation?

A

memory representation of relationships between specific causes and their consequences (What happens why)

31
Q

What is meant by the Discounting Principle?

A

ignore one potentially cause when another strong causal factor is present

32
Q

What is meant by the Augmenting Principle?

A

increase potentially causal influence if known other factor strongly works against it

33
Q

What is meant by Implicit Personality Theories?

A
34
Q

Where are Formed Impressions stored?

A

Formed impressions can be stored in long-term memory and automatically guide further judgments, decisions, behaviors.

35
Q

Can first impression made under pressure still guide further judgement?
(e.g., “What a CUTE baby you have…”)

A

Yes, even if first impression was formed under pressure, it may guide further judgment

36
Q

What is the Perseverance bias?

A

initial impression survives in face of disproving evidence

37
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

Seeking impression-consistent behavior

38
Q

How do Formed Impressions create verifying information?

A
39
Q

What if I learn that my first impression was wrong?

A